LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Class 


> 

Cooling    Towers  I 


BY- 


OSWALD  GlETH,  M.  E 


I 


PRICE 


THEORY   AND   PRACTICE 

with  tables  and  other  useful  data. 


REPRINTED  FROM  THE  ENGINEERS'  IIST. 


«F 

I 


TWENTY-FIVE  CENTS 


:    SPON  &  CHAMBEBLAJN, 

BOOKS  ON 

[  Mechanics,  Engineering, 
iiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiimiiminiimi 


ANALYSIS  AND  TREATMENT  OF 

Boiler  Waters 


O U R     SPECIALTY 


Gallon  Sample  «ent  to   the 

Dearborn  Laboratories 

will  be  analyzed  and  reported  to  you  and  a  solution  sug- 
gested for  the  troubles  caused  in  your  boilers  by  its  use* 

Scale,  Corrosion,  Pitting  and  Foaming  successfully 
prevented. 

Our  analytical  testing  department  solicits  your  work 
on  any  subject  of  engineering  chemistry. 


DEARBORN  DRUG  &  CHEMICAL  WORKS 


WM.  H.  EDGAR,  Founder. 


E.  W.  EDGAR.  President. 

CHAS.  M.  EDDY,  Secy,  and  Treat. 


ROBT.  F.  CARR,  Vice  Pres.  and  Gen. 
WM.  B.  McVICKER.  2nd  Vice  Pres.  and  East.  Mgr 


NEW  YORK 

299  BROADWAY 


CHICAGO 

POSTAL  TELEGRAPH  BLDG 


20  BRANCHES  IN  U.  3, 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


MICHAEL  FOG-ARTY 
Manufacturer  of  Marine  and  Stationary  Boilers 

RETUBING  OF  WATER  TUBE  BOILERS 

Tanks  of  Every  Description,  Smoke  Stacks,  Breechings,  Etc.       Lard  Rendering  Tanks  a  Specialty 

531  AND  535  WEST  33D  ST.,  BET.  1OTH  AND  11TH  AVES.,  NEW  YORK 
PERSONAL  ATTENTION  GIVEN  TO  REPAIRS  TELEPHONE  CALL,  8465-38th  ST. 

Something  Different! 

Call  around  and  see  the 

Davidson 
Elevator 
Pump 

AT  THE  NEW 

Title  Guarantee  6  Trust  Co.  Building 

176  Broadway. 

M.  T.  DAVIDSON,  TRIBUNE  BUILDING.  154  NASSAU  ST.,  NEW  YORK 

Telephone  4671 

eSCTE 

ELEVATORS! 

GEORGE  I.  ROBERTS  &  BROS.,  Inc. 

471  and  473  Fourth  Avenue 

Beg  to  announce  that  this  department  of  their  business  is  now  under  the 

superintendency  of  MR.  JOHN  CLANCY,  in  whom  our  patrons 

will  recognize  an  able  and  efficient  mechanic. 

YOUR  CALLS  WILL  RECEIVE  PROflPT  ATTENTION. 


Telephone 
746  Columbus 


Established 
1880 


685,  687,  689  11TH  AVE,,  AND  603  W.  49TH  STREET 


STEAM  BOILERS,  SMOKE  STACKS  &  TANKS  SS 

REPAIRING  OF  STEAM  AND  WATER  TUBE  BOILERS 
LARD  RENDERING  AND  BREWERS'  TANKS  A  SPECIALTY 

IIsT     ^.LL     ITS 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


One  Dollar  Is  All 


Jill  U  I  J\ 


Just  one  dollar  is  all  that  it  will  cost  you  for  one  year's  sub- 
scription to  The  Engineer.  It  is  published  twice  a  month  (24 
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The  editors  of  The  Engi- 
neer are  themselves  engineers— 
they  know  what  you  want,  what 
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MAME 


ADDRESS. 
•CITY... 


800  Ellsworth  Building 

Chicago,  Illinois 


THE  ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


Geo.  I.  Roberts  &  Bros. 


Inc. 


471  and  473  Fourth  Avenue 

Between  31st  and  32d  Streets 

New  York  City 


Telephones:]  307  "adison 
j  308  Square. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 

BENJ.  F.  KELLEY  &  SON 

HANUFACTURERS  OH 

Kelley's  Patent  Improved  Berryipan  [Water 
Tube]  Feed  Water  Heater  and  Purifier 

The  Old  Type  Steam  Tube,  ferryman, 
(Side  or  bottom  Torts). 
Economical  Boiler  Feed  Pump. 
Exhaust  Pipe,  Heads. 

We  Exchange  and  have  the  Best  Facilities  in  the  U.  S.  for  Repairing  and 
Removing  Feed  Water  Heaters. 


OFFICE  AND  WORKS: 

76  40th  ST.,  SO.  BROOKLYN 

Near  39th  St.  Ferry. 
Telephone  141  South. 


NEW  YORK  OFFICE: 

120  LIBERTY  STREET. 

Telephone  1  lOCortlandt. 


PURE  RUBBER  MOULDED  GASKETS 

ARE  THE  BEST. 


No  More  Trouble  With 
Leaking  Manholes. 

No  matter  how  rough  the  surface  or  how 
warped  the  plates,  the 


will  allow  for  all  irregularities,  stop  all  leaking  and  resist  all  pressure.  These  Gaskets  are 
soft  and  pliable,  of  uniform  thickness,  and  vulcanized  to  stand  high  pressure  without  melt- 
ing or  blowing  out.  They  are  particularly  adapted  for  use  on  old  boilers.  Owing  to  their 
being  made  in  moulds,  they  are  uniform,  smooth  and  true  in  every  respect,  and  are  applied 
with  ease.  We  sinlply  ask  the  favor  of  a  trial.  Put  one  or  two  on  your  boilers.  We  are 
not  solicitous  as  to  your  future  action.  One  trial  will  answer  all  purposes. 


Mechanical  Rubber  Goods   :  BRIDGEPORT.  CONN. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Empire  State  Engineering  Company, 

Engineers    and   Machinists. 

Builders  of  Engines,  Ice  and   Refrigerating  Machinery, 
Fans  and  Blowers. 


Manufacturing 

and  Repairing 

in  all  Phases. 

Our  Refrigeration  and  Ice  Machine  Department  is  under  the  direct  supervision  of  Messrs. 

Karl  Vesterdahl  &  Co.,  95  Liberty  St.,  who  are  prepared  to  give 

expert  advice  and  furnish  estimates. 

Manufacturers  of 

MAXFIELD    ENGINE. 


Office  and  Works,  Foot  of  EAST  116th  [STREET, 

NEW  YORK. 


Boilers,  Tanks  and  Sheet  Iron  Work. 
Newburgh  Steam  Boilers. 


IF.    JDEIL^IfcT-X-    &    GO. 

Works  at  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  New  York  Office,  38  Park  Row.  Phone  1866  Cort. 

Marine,  Export  and  Repair  Work  a  Specialty. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Pump  Governors 

The  best  Pump  Governor  on  the  market.  Why?  Because  our 
valve  will  not  leak  or  stick  and  if  lubricated  we  guarantee  it  to  abso- 
lutely govern  the  plimp  and  remain  tight  for  five  years.  Compare 
the  construction  of  our  valve  with  any  other  on  the  market  and  by 
adopting  the  "Utility"  you  can  save  coal  and  get  a  higher  tempera- 
ture from  your  heating  or  drying  systems. 

We  have  heard  of  a  plant  using  another  make  of  governors  spend- 
ing $300  i'or  new  valves  inside  of  four  years. 


Our  Record 


We  have  replaced  nearly  every 
make  of  Pump  Governor  with 
ours. 

We  have  never  heard  of  one 
of  the  "Utility's"  being  replaced 
by  another  make. 

We  never  had  a  call  for  a  new 
valve  for  one  of  our  Governors. 


In  Response  to  a  Demand 

We  are  selling  separately  the  Valve  and  Float  of  the 
"Utility  Combination"  Pump  Governor.  It  may  be 

bolted  upon  ANY  tank  or  receiver  where  level  is  to  be 
automatically  maintained,  and  does  its  work  to  per- 
fection. 


The  Standard  Steam  Specialty  Co 

542-544  West  Broadway,  City  of  New  York 

Telephone  4902  Spring 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


CHALK  IT  UP 

WHERE  YOU  WILL  SEE  IT 

Eureka  Packing 

^i^^^^^c 

With  this  Diamond         <^]EUREKA''    J>  anc*   on   *^e 

on  the  Label  '^T^^^^^^^f^  Packing 

Is  the  Standard  *ffiff  of  the  World 

That  EUREKA  RED  SHEET 

Carries  this  GUARANTEE:— "This  packing  is  not  offered  as  a  substitute   for   any 
ofher  brand  but  on  it-  merits.     That  it  will  wMist  nd  heat,  gas  and  ammonia, 

make  a  perfect  joint  and  not  crack  while  in  siock  within  a  year." 


'  T     ^T  CD  \-J     TFR"^     IT 


That  The  Hine  Steam 
Separator 


Will  remove  moisture  in  live  steam,  giving  it  more 
energy  and  increasing  engine  efficiency.  When  placed 
in  exhaust  line  will  extract  oil  in  the  steam  and  cleanse 
the  condensation. 


That  Spencer  Damper  Regulator 

Will  do  you  more  good  and  save  more  fuel  than  any  other  device  in  a  steam  plant. 

That  Our  Exhaust  Head,  Oil  Filler,  Flue  Cleaners,  &c 

Are  the  best  made  and  moderate  in  price. 


Our  Telephone  3266  Will  Bring  Us  to  Tell  You  More. 

Jas.L  Robertson  &  Sons, lnc 

48  Warren  Street,  New  York. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Some  Important  Books  for 

DYNAMO  TENDERS 


All  the  bookn  listed  below  are  of  the  practical  kind,  written  In 
Mimple  language  and  largely  illuMtratlve.  They  are  all  Mclenttflcally 
accurate  and  are  Intended  mainly  for  the  u»e  of  the  men  who  are 
closest  to  the  dynamo  or  motor  both  when  It  in  running,  and  when  it 
wants  repairing. 

MANAGEMENT  OF  ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY.  Containing  simple  directions 
for  the  practical .  use  and  management  of  dynamos  and  motors.  By 
FRANCIS  B.  CROCKER  and  SCHUYLER  S.  WHEELER.  Sixth  edition. 
223  pages,  131  illustrations.  Price,  $1.00  net. 

NEW  DYNAMO  TENDERS'  HANDBOOK.  By  F.  B.  BADT.  226  pages,  140 
illustrations.  Price,  $1  net. 

DYNAMO  TENDING  FOR  ENGINEERS.  A  clear  and  comprehensive  treatise 
on  the  principles,  construction  and  operation  of  dynamos,  motors,  lamps, 
storage  batteries,  indicators  and  measuring  instruments.  By  HENRY  C. 
HORSTMANN  and  VICTOR  H.  TOUSLEY.  12mo,  cloth.  207  pages,  100 
illustrations.  Price,  $1.50. 

THE  DISEASES  OF  ELECTRICAL  MACHINERY.  By  ERNST  SCHULTZ.  Ed- 
ited, with  a  preface,  by  SILVANUS  P.  THOMPSON.  84  pages,  42  illus- 
trations. 12mo,  cloth.  Price,  $1.00. 

MODERN  ELECTRICAL  CONSTRUCTION.  A  guide  in  electrical  construction 
showing  methods  of  installing  work  according  to  the  rules  of  the  National 
Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  By  HENRY  C.  HORSTMANN  and  VICTOR 
H.  TOUSLEY.  245  pages.  Illustrated.  Price,  $1.50. 

MODERN  WIRING  DIAGRAMS  AND  DESCRIPTIONS.  A  handbook  full  of 
practical  diagrams  and  information  for  electrical  construction  work.  By 
HENRY  C.  HORSTMANN  and  VICTOR  H.  TOUSLEY.  157  pages.  Illus- 
trated. Price,  $1.50. 

ELECTRICAL  WIRING  AND  CONSTRUCTION  TABLES.  Easy  up-to-date  ta^ 
bles  for  electric  wiring.  By  HENRY  C.  HORSTMANN  and  VICTOR  H. 
TOUSLEY.  120  pages,  illustrated.  Price,  $1.50  net. 

THE  WIRING  HAND  BOOK.  With  complete  labor-saving  tables  and  digest 
of  Underwriters'  Rules.  By  CECIL  P.  POOLE.  Leather.  Pocket  size. 
85  pages,  61  illustrations.  Price  $1.00  net. 

ALTERNATING  CURRENT  WIRING  AND  DISTK1IH  TION.  By  WILLIAM  LE- 
ROY  EMMET.  Second  edition.  96  pages,  33  illustrations.  Price  $1.00 
net. 

KEYS  FOR  THE  PRACTICAL  ELECTRICAL  WOKKER.  Giving  electric  light, 
power,  street  railway,  telephone,  telegraph  and  every-day  tables.  By  F.  J. 
ROBINSON.  Cloth.  194  pages.  Mostly  diagrams.  Price,  $2.00  net. 

Any  of  these   books  sent  anywhere  postpaid 
on  receipt  of  price. 


» 


We  can  supply  any  Engineering  Book  published.      Send  us  \<>ur  inquiries. 

McGRAW  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

Publishers,  Importers  and  Booksellers  I  14  Liberty  Street,  New  York 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


THE 


ROBERTSON 


THOMPSON 
INDICATOR 


Victor   Reducing  Wheel 

and   Willis   Planimeter 
ARE  THE  FINEST 
INSTRUMENTS  MADE 

For  the  purpose  of  £ndmg  out  how  much  an  engine 
is  doing  and  how  well  it  is  doing  it. 

No  Ambitious 
Engineer 

Can  afford  to  overlook  the  value  to  him  of  a 
knowledge  of  the  indicator. 


EASY  TERMS  AND  PRICES  MAKE  BUYING  EASY. 

Shall  We  Send   You   Catalog  ?    or  Shall   We   Call  With  Outft  to  Show   You  ? 


TELEPHONE  3266  CORTLAND 


Jas.L.  Robertson  &  Sons 

48  Warren  St.,  New  York 


10 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


SMOOTH-ON 


TRADE:  ttA.PfK-.RE,G.vj..s.  PAT,;:OI 


IRON  CEMENT  No.  1 


Cements  sold  in  5,  10,  and  25  Ib.  cans. 


Repaired  this  pump  6  years  ago,  and 
it  is  still  in  use. 

Smooth-on  makes  permanent  repairs. 
This  cement  is  prepared  in  powder 

form—  for  use  mix  with  water. 

• 

It  is  unequalled  for  stopping  leaks  of 
steam — water— fire  or  oil — because  it  be- 
comes metallic  iron — thus  keeping  tight 
at  all  temperatures. 

Our  new  Illustrated  Catalogue  is  Free 


SMOOTH-ON  MFG.  CO. 

Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  U.S.  A. 


Turline 


Exhaust  Head  with  Turbine  Separator 

WILL  SAVE  YOU  MONEY, 

INCREASE  YOUR  DRAFT, 

RELIEVE  ENGINE  OF  BACK  PRESSURE, 

INCREASE  CAPACITY  OF  BOILER, 

Born  Soft  Coal,  Shavings  or  Rubbish 

WITHOUT  SMOKE. 

UNIQUE  SMOKELESS  FURNACE  or 

ACCELERATED  DRAFT  SYSTEM 


LIVE  MEN  WANTED  TO;PUSH  THESE  GOODS. 

J.  B.  HACKETT,  Sales  Manager, 
•  f  5-7  Beekman  Street,  New  York 


UNIQUE  ENGINEERING  CO 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


11 


li  New  England  Roller  Grate 


This  Grate  will  burn  any  kind  of 
coal  and  all  of  it.  It  has  more  air 
space  than  any  other  grate  and  is 
the  only  grate  that  does  not 
change  its  op'ening  when  you 
shake  it.  It  rests  on  rollers;  is 
easy  to  shake;  removes  the  ashes 
without  disturbing  the  surface 
and  does  not  drop  coal  into  the  ash 
pit. 

Made  in  all  sizes,  for  all  types 
ft  boilers,  and  is  easily  installed 
without  changing  the  fire  box  or 
cutting  away  of  boiler  front.  It 
costs  practically  nothing  for  re- 
pairs and  it  must  and  does  save 
coal. 

Catalogue 
for  the  asking. 

Also  Shaking  &  Dumping,  and  a 
new  type  of  the  Stationary  Grates 


New  England  Roller  Grate  Co.,  Springfield,  Mass. 

J.  B.  Hackett,        5-7  BEEKMAN  ST.,  N.  Y. 


IDOIfcT'T 


TJ 


T  !R,  O  XT  IB  UL  IE 


U3TTT   TJSE 

STERLING  METALLIC  PACKING 

For  Ammonia,  Steam,  Oil  or  Air. 

BEATS  THE  BEST.    GUARANTEED  FOR  5  YEARS 


Ruggles  Perfection.  Flue  Cleaner 

CHESTERTON'S  OIL  FILTER 

PACKING  TOOLS,  SCRAPING  TOOLS  and  COLD  CHISELS  in  Sets. 

LINDSTROM'S  Corliss  Valve  Steam  Traps 
Superheater  Steam  Separators 

WATTS  REGULATOR  CO.'S 

Damper  Regulator  Steam  Regulator  Spring  Regulator  Pump  Regulator 

Reducing  Valves  Boiler  Oil   Feeder  Vacuum  Pressure  Regulator 


J.  B. 


r  Beekman  St. 

Temple  Court  Building.  N6W  York 


12 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Trade  Mark. 


Style  No.  99 


GARLOCK  PACKINGS 

are  made  in  more  than  two  hundred  styles  for  every 
conceivable  purpose. 

Packings  guaranteed  for  all  conditions   when  full 
particulars  are  furnished. 

PABTfW  WATFRPRnOl?  HYIlRAIIITf1 

uAnLUuKlfifflltjnrtiuul1  HlUnflULlu 

is  the  outcome  of  numerous  experiments  and  hun- 
dreds of  practical  tests  on  outside  packed  plungers, 
accumulating  piston  rods,  elevators,  both  with  and 
without  leather  cups,  and  in  fact,  is  absolutely 
guaranteed  to  meet  all  requirements  on  high, 
pressure  hydraulic  work. 


Garlock  Alabestine 


Style  No.  17. 

Especially    adapted    for    small    globe 
valves  and  valve  stems.     Made  from  long 
fibre  asbestos  treated  with  the  celebrated 
style  NO.  IT.  Garlock   Compound.     Made  in   sizes   as 

follows:     1-lt),  1-8,  3-16,  1-4,  5-16,  3-8,  7-16  and  1-2  inch. 

GARLOCK  DUO  PACKINGS 

For  medium  high  steam.      Especially  adapted  for  high 
speed  engines,  flat  bottom  stuffing  boxes,  Corliss  valves, 
air  pumps,  rock  drills,  and  every  place  where  a  strong 
elastic  and  durable  packing  is  required. 
Made  in  twenty  different  styles. 


Style  No.  444. 


xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx< 


The  Garlock  Packing  Co. 

136  Liberty  St.        :       :        New  York 

MAIN  OFFICE  AND  WORKS: 
PALMYRA,  NEW  YORK  :  HAMBURG,  GERMANY 

BRANCH.  FACTORIES: 
Atlanta,  Ga.;  Denver,  Colo.,  and   San  Francisco. 


NEW  \'ORK 
BOSTON 


CHICAGO 
PHILADELPHIA 


OFFICES: 

PITTSBURG 

CLKVKLAND 


ST.  LOUIS 
DENVER 


SAN  FRANCISCO 
ATLANTA 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


GEORGE  FOX 


BENJAMIN  FOX 


M.  FOX  LAW 


GEORGE  FOX'S  SONS 

ESTABLISHED  B7  GEOBGE  FOI,  1856 

STEAM    BOILER    MAKERS 

Nos.  509-511-521-523-525  W.  34th  St.,  near  10th  Ave.,  New  York 

Patentees  and  Manufacturers  of  IMPROVED  WATER  SPACE  ARCH  PLATES  for 
Steam  Boilers.  No  Bricks.  No  Cast  Iron,  It  is  STEEL,  and  Always  Full  of  Water  in 
Circulation.  STEAM  BOILERS,  GRATE  BARS,  BOILER  CASTINGS,  TANKS, 

STACKS  ETC 

Personal  Attention  to  All  Work  and  Repairs  to  Boilers.  Telephone  38-232 


Telephone  3496-3497  38th  St. 


ESTABLISHED    1M56 


BENJAMIN  FOX'S  SONS 

Iron   and   Brass   Founders  and   Machinists 

GRATE  BARS  FOR  HORIZONTAL  AND  VERTICAL  BOILERS 


Sec- 
tional 


Boiler 
Fronts 
and 

Furnace 
Castings 


RUBBING  BEDS  AND  HACH1NERY  CASTINGS  A  SPECIALTY 
513  to  519  WEST  34th  ST.  : : NEW  YORK  CITY 

•  ill«IIIIIIBIIII«l!lll«llll«llliMIIIII»illll«lllll«llll»lllliBI     •»      M      »••»••••»••««•"• 

|  McNab  #  Harlin  Manufacturing  Go. ' 

|  MANUFACTURERS  OF  | 

i  VALVES,  FITTINGS,  COCKS,  ETC.,  FOR  | 

STEAM,  WATEB  AND  GAS. 


DOUBLE  BRANCH  ELBOW  TEE 

Our  long  turn  Fittings  are  well  made  and  we  pay  particular  attention  to  the 
ping.     We  also  carry  a  good  stock  both  at  Paterson  and  New  York  warerooms. 


t  FACTORY: 

\  Paterson,  N.  J.  * 


tap-  | 


OFFICE  and  SALESROOMS: 

5O-56  John  St.,  New  York 

•iiitimiiniiiiniiimuinimiii 


York  | 

HiiiHiiimiiiiHs 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


THE  LATEST  IMPROVED  DAMPER  REGULATOR 

THE  CARMICHAEL 


„  Contains  the  only  valuable  patented  improvements  made  in  this 
type  of  Kegulator  in  the  past  fifteen  years.  Packings  so  arranged 
that  ports  cannot  become  displaced  or  closed.  Valve  easily  removed 
for  cleaning  or  oiling. 

GET  OUR  CATALOGUE  AND  TERMS 


Up* 

«fl£f;  % 


THE    SOOT    SUCKER 

Cleans  the  Boiler  Tubes 
Quickly  and  Thoroughly 


NO  STEAM  ADMITTED  TO  THE  TUBES 


INDICATORS,  REDUCING  WHEELS,  PLANIMETERS, 
CORD-TAKE-UP,  FURNACE  BLOWERS 


John  S.  Bushnell  <a  Co. 


Tel.  1960  Cortlandt. 


123  LIBERTY  ST.,  NEW  YORK 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


15 


STEEL  MIXTURE 

BOILER  DOOR  ARCHES 
AND  FIRE  BOX  BLOCKS 


GROOVED 


PATENT  BACK 
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Copyrighted  1906.  by  Engineers'  List  Publishing  Co. 


Vol.  XVI.    No.  3. 


MARCH,  1907. 


Published  Monthly. 


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COOLING  TOWERS. 


Their    Prominence — Theory — History   and    Development — The    Open    Type — The 
Forced  or  Fan   Draft  Type — The   Natural   Draft   Chimney  Type- 
Advantages  of   Cooling  Tower — Economy  and   Re- 
sults in  Cooling — Capacity  and  Size. 


BY    OSWALD   GUETH,    M.    E. 


AMONG  the  many  marvelous  devices  which  have 
been  brought  forth  by  great  engineers  tending  to- 
wards a  greater  economy  in  industrial  enterprises, 
the  modern  Cooling  Tower  undoubtedly  takes  a  most 
prominent  place. 

Unfortunately  the  literature  on  this  important  sub- 
ject is  very  scanty,  although  articles  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time  in  various  magazines,  dealing  with  one  or 
the  other  system  of  a  cooling  tower  and  praising  its  par- 
ticular merits. 

In  presenting  this  article,  it  has  been  the  aim  of  the 
writer  to  offer  to  the  readers  of  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST, 
many  of  whom  have  manifested  a  keen  interest  in  this 
question,  a  comprehensive  treatise  on  cooling  towers, 
riot  with  the  intent  to  bring  forth  anything  absolutely 
original,  but  to  give  a  summary  of  the  best  that 


written    on    the    subject,    embodying    at    the    same    time 


182011 


18  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 

the  opinions  of  the  foremost  men  in  this  particular  field,  together  with  the 
practical  experience  of  the  writer,  a  number  of  practical  results  and  illustrated 
descriptions  of  the  leading  types  of  cooling  towers. 


Prominence  of  Cooling  Towers* 

The  ever  increasing  number  of  large  electric  light  and  power  plants  with 
their  highly  economic  condensing  engines,  the  constantly  growing  demand 
for  refrigerating  machines  in  breweries,  packinghouses  and  cold  storage 
plants,  have  brought  about  the  need  of  large  quantities  of  water  for  con- 
densing and  cooling  purposes.  The  economic  advantages  of  condensing  the 
exhaust  steam  from  the  engines  in  power  plants  at  the  lowest  possible  temper- 
ature are  too  well  known.  For  marine  work,  wherein  condensing  was  first 
practiced  on  a  large  scale,  an  unlimited  supply  of  water  was  readily  obtained, 
while  for  power  plants  on  land,  a  sufficiently  copious  supply  of  water  is  in  many 
cases  unattainable  at  any  price.  In  refrigerating  plants  large  quantities  of  cool 
water  are  required  for  the  liquefaction  of  the  refrigerating  medium;  in  addi- 
tion thereto,  water  is  needed  to  condense  the  steam,  as  this  steam  is  now  in 
most  cases  used  for  the  manufacture  of  the  ice. 

In  all  places  where  large  quantities  of  water  are  needed,  the  local  public 
water  supply  must  be  relied  upon,  unless  a  river  is  near  enough  to  furnish  the 
vast  quantities  of  water  required.  The  local  water  supply  is  generally  found 
quite  expensive  and  the  river  water  is  frequently  impure,  or  if  near  the  ocean, 
is  affected  by_Jhe  tides  and__be^ojB£s_^mcJkish. 

The  great  saving~effected  by  cooling  the  water  and  using  it  over  and 
over  again,  has  been  recognized  for  a  considerable  time,  and  means  for 
obtaining  this  effect  have  been  invented,  which  finally  led  to  the  construction 
of  the  modern  cooling  tower.  That  the  experimental  stage  has  been  passed, 
/  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  numerous  steam  plants  have  been  located  where 
there  is  no  natural  water  supply  for  condensing  purposes,  and  have  been 
equipped  with  condensing  engines  and  cooling  towers.  This  selection  of  site 
has  been  influenced  by  better  coaling  facilities,  more  favorable  distribution  of 
the  electric  current,  the  lesser  cost  of  land  away  from  water  fronts,  and  the 
knowledge  that  results  practically  equal  to  those  obtainable  with  a. 
natural  water  supply  can  be  had  with  properly  applied  cooling  towers. 

Theory  of  Cooling  Towers* 

The  principle  upon  which  cooling  towers  operate  is  simply  the  spreading 
of  the  water  to  be  cooled  in  such  a  way  as  to  bring  the  greatest  surface  in 
contact  with  the  greatest  quantity  of  air,  so  that  evaporation  may  take  place 
quickly  and  effectively.  In  actual  operation  the  water  coming  from  the 
condenser  in  a  heated  condition,  when  exposed  to  the  air,  is  enveloped  in  a 
coating  of  vapor  which  is  carried  away  by  the  air  currents  in  contact  with 
its  surface.  This  vap  is  continually  replaced  and  carried  away  by  successive 
contacts  with  fresh  quantities  of  air.  Each  cubic  foot  of  air  has  a  vapor- 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


19 


carrying  capacity  which  is  governed  by  the  percentage  of  moisture  already 
in  it,  or,  as  it  is  called,  its  relative  humidity.  When  the  air  is  dry,  its  heat- 
absorbing  efficiency  measured  by  its  vapor  carrying  capacity  is  high  as  com- 
pared to  a  similar  quantity  of  air  at  or  near  the  point  of  saturation.  In  other 
words,  the  drier  the  air  and  the  greater  the  velocity  with  which  it  is  moved 
over  the  surface  of  the  water,  the  greater  will  be  the  vaporization  of  the 
water,  and  consequently  the  more  effective  will  be  the  cooling  of  the  water. 

The  capacity  of  the  air  for  carrying  moisture  increases  with  the  rise  of 
temperature.  Saturated  air,  i.e.,  air  which  holds  all  the  water  in  vapor  form 
that  it  is  capable  of  holding,  would  at  a  temperature  of  200°  F.  hold  100 
times  as  much  moisture  as  air  in  a  saturated  state  at  a  temperature  of  32°  F., 
To  vaporize  a  pound  of  water  at  atmospheric  pressure  requires  the  absorption 
of  966  B.  T.  U.,  and  the  heat  thus  required  must  be  derived  from  the  re- 
maining water,  consequently  its  temperature  is  lowered  unless  it  receives 
sufficient  heat  again  from  its  surrounding  air. 


Fig.   1. — Klein  Cooling  Tower  With  Injector. 

There  is  a  maximum  of  density  for  each  temperature  and  hence  of  pres- 
sure which  the  vapor  exerts.  The  rate  of  vaporization  is  proportional  to  the 
difference  between  the  elastic  force  of  the  vapor  at  the  surface  of  the  liquid 
and  that  of  the  vapor  actually  present  in  the  surrounding  air.  From  this  it 
follows  that  the  vaporization  will  be  the  faster,  the  greater  this  difference. 

The  efficiency  of  a  cooling  tower  depends  therefore  greatly  on — 

1.  The  amount  of  water  surface. 

2.  The  amount  of  air  brought  in  contact  with  that  surface. 

3.  The  difference  of  pressure  of  the  vapors  at  the  water  surface  and" 
the  surrounding  air. 

These  three  conditions  mainly  govern  the  rate  of  vaporization.  The 
lowering  of  temperature  of  the  water  depends  on  the  dryness  of  the  air. 


20 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


History  and  Development  of  the  Cooling  Tower. 

The  oldest  and  most  simple  method  of  cooling  water  was  to  expose  the 
warm  water  sufficiently  long  to  the  atmosphere  by  running  it  into  large  open 
ponds,  and  a  large  number  of  such  ponds  can  still  be  seen  in  European  coun- 
tries, although  they  take  up  a  considerable  ground  space  and  are  not  really 
satisfactory. 

An  improvement  on  these  ponds  were  spray  coolers,  that  is,  an  arrange- 
ment to  throw  the  warm  water  in  a  fountain-like  spray  into  the  air.  It  was 
soon  noticed  that  the  vapor  raised  in  this  process  caused  a  considerable  nuis- 
ance, and  these  coolers  accordingly  can  only  be  used  in  a  very  open  space. 
.Further,  with  even  moderate  air  currents,  a  considerable  portion  of  the  water 
is  blown  beyond  the  pond. 

Klein,  in  Germany,  has  tried  to  overcome  these  defects  by  enclosing  the 
cooling  towers  (Fig.  1).  Here  the  water  is  drawn  from  a  jet  against  slabs  of 
wood,  and  by  dropping  down  the  tower  amongst  the  air  rushing  in  between 
the  laths,  is  so  thoroughly  cooled  that  it  can  be  drawn  from  the  tank  below 
the  tower  perfectly  cool  and  be  used  over  again  for  the  same  purpose  as 
before. 

Before  the  modern  cooling  tower  came  into  a  more  general  use,  various 


Fig.2.  Fig.  3. 

Fig.  2. — Cooling  Device  Having  Corrugated  Partitions. 
Fig.  3. — Cooling  Device  Having  Inclined  Metal  Sheets. 


other  devices  were  employed  to  cool  the  water.  Fig  2  shows  corrugated  sheet 
metal  partitions,  placed  over  the  water  tank.  The  water  trickling  down  forms 
a  thin  film  on  each  side  of  the  partitions,  thus  offering  a  large  cooling  surface 
to  the  air  passing  through  between  the  partitions. 

Fig.  3  shows  slightly  inclined  metal  sheets,  over  which  the  hot  water 
flows  in  a  thin  layer  and  is  caught  in  gutters,  while  the  air  is  blown  in  counter 
currents  through  the  spaces,  or  forced  through  them  by  natural  draft  by 
attaching  a  draft  chimney  to  the  other  end,  a  device  which  is  described  later  on. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


One  of  the  earlier  apparatus,  but  which  is  still  used  to  some  extent  iir, 
European  countries  on  account  of  its  high  efficiency,  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  4. 
It  is  a  water  cooling  device  in  connection  with  a  submerged  ammonia  con- 
denser. It  consists  of  a  number  of  sheet  metal  disks,  which  are  fastened  to  a. 


Pig.  4. — Cooling  Arrangement  in  Combination  With  Ammonia  Condenser. 


horizontal  shaft  and  dip  at  their  lower  edge  to  about  one-third  of  the  diameter 
into  the  cooling  water  of  the  condenser.  These  disks  have  a  diameter  of  4 
to  5  feet,  and  are  arranged  in  groups  from  50  to  80  on  one  shaft.  The  disks 
revolve  slowly,  5  to  8  revolutions  per  minute,  and  become  covered  with  a 
thin  film  of  water  and  thus  form  a  series  of  narrow  channels,  through  which 
the  air  is  blown.  The  condenser  coils  are  directly  underneath  the  system  of 
disks  and  submerged  in  the  tank.  The  water  is  kept  in  constant  circulation 
around  the  condenser  pipes  by  a  special  agitator. 


Fig.  5. — Type  of  Rain  Cooler. 


Fig  6. — Type  of  Rain  Cooler. 


Figs.  5  and  6  show  two  types  of  what  is  called  a  rain  cooler.  These 
coolers  have  the  advantage  that  it  is  easy  to  produce  a  counter  current  between 
the  air  and  the  hot  water,  which,  like  cascades,  has  a  downward  flow  from 
tray  to  tray.  A  cooling  effect  is  also  obtained  in  bringing  the  air  in  contact 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


with  the  dry  underside  of  the  trays.    Both  coolers  may  be  equipped  with  draft 
chimneys. 

Another  type  of  a  rain  cooler  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  7.     The  principle  is 
easily  understood  from  the  drawing.     A  cylindrical  tank  is  provided  with  a 


Fig.    7. — Cylindrical    Rain    Cooler. 


perforated  partition  spirally  wound  around  the  axis  of  the  tank.  The  hot 
water  is  showered  over  the  highest  part  of  the  partition  and  is  dissolved  into 
an  immense  number  of  drops,  which  come  into  close  contact  with  the  air 
passing  through  the  apparatus  in  countercurrent. 

Modern  Cooling  Towers* 

The  modern  cooling  tower  embodies  all  the  principles  underlying  the 
various  cooling  devices  heretofore  described,  but  it  differs  greatly  from  them 
in  its  general  appearance.  The  method  of  operation  is  nearly  alike  with  every 
type  and  consists  in  the  principles  as  follows :  The  hot  water  is  pumped  to 
the  top  of  the  tower,  where  it  generally  first  flows  into  a  la'rge  trough,  which 
runs  over  the  whole  length  of  the  tower.  From  there  it  passes  into  smaller 
cross  troughs,  from  which  it  falls  in  fine  streams  on  to  cooling  hurdles  below. 
By  this  arrangement  the  water  is  distributed  equally  over  the  whole  area  of 
the  tower,  which  can  be  controlled  and  regulated  while  at  work.  This  dis- 
tribution is  so  efficient  that  with  only  one  water  inlet,  either  in  the  centre  or  at 
one  end  of  the  tower,  exactly  the  same  quantity  of  water  descends  at  every 
point  of  the  tower.  The  main  point  is  to  distribute  the  water  so  that  the 
greatest  amount  of  surface  is  exposed,  and  to  provide  the  necessary  circulation 
of  air.  To  this  end  various  means  have  been  employed,  by  letting  the  water 
run  over  cooling  hurdles  made  in  different  forms.  But  it  appears  that  the 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


form  of  these  hurdles  is  not  of  such  great  importance  as  the  arrangement  to 
ensure  a  thoroughly  even  distribution  over  the  entire  cooling  area  without 
obstructing  the  air  passage. 

At  first,  all  the  manufacturers  of  modern  cooling  towers  relied  for  air 
circulation  on  the  natural  draft.  The  tower  is  built  as  an  open  structure  with 
an  open  space  left  in  the  centre,  which  acts  like  a  flue.  ' 

In  order  to  increase  and  maintain  a  constant  air  circulation,  the  use  of 
fan  blowers  was  employed  in  many  cases.  But  the  cost  of  p6wer  necessary  to 
operate  the  fans  resulted  in  a  third  type,  the  natural  draft;  chimney  type  of 
cooling  tower,  where  the  tank  containing  the  water-distributing  device  is 


Fig.  8. — Open  Cooling  Tower  With  Brushwood.' 

carried  up  sufficiently  high  to  induce  draft  enough  to  supply  the  required 
quantity  of  air. 

Modern  cooling  towers  may  therefore  conveniently  be  divided  into  three 
distinct  groups: 

1.  The  open  type. 

2.  The  forced  or  fan  draft  type. 

3.  The  natural  draft  chimney  type. 

As  we  have  seen  from  the  foregoing,  the  principle  applied  in  all  these 
three  types  is  virtually  the  same,  that  is,  to  expose  the,  water  a  maximum 
length  of  time  to  a  maximum  amount  of  air.  These  three  types  will  be  dis- 
cussed at  length  in  the  following  in  their  proper  order. 

Open  Air  Type* 

This  type  can  be  well  recommended  where  sufficient  "ground  area  is 
available.  It  is' simple  and  cheap,  as  it  dispenses  not  only  with  the  fans,  but 
does  away  with  any  enclosure  entirely. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


In  its  crudest  form  it  is  built  up  of  a  frame  filled  with  bundles  of  brush- 
wood, which  offers  to  the  water  a  very  large  evaporation  surface  (Fig.  8). 

This  form  has  now  almost  entirely  given  way  to  structures  provided  with 
wooden  hurdles,  the  latter  being  so  constructed  that  the  water  runs  over  this 
surface  in  thin  sheets.  On  the  under  side  of  these  hurdles  there  are  numerous 
projections,  which  separate  the  water  into  drops  and  pass  it  on  to  the  next 
hurdle,  and  so  it  is  passed  on  from  hurdle  to  hurdle,  until  there  is  a  fine  arti- 
ficial rain  made,  which  comes  into  intimate  contact  with  the  outside  air,  the 
openings  between  each  hurdle  giving  ample  opportunity  for  free  draught? 
of  air. 


Fig.  9.- — "Acme"  Cooling  Tower. 

One  trouble  with  this  style  of  tower  lay  in  the  fact  that  with  moderate 
•or  high  winds,  a  considerable  quantity  of  water  will  blow  oft".  This  not  only 
ivc  expensive  from  the  standpoint  of  the  cost  of  water,  but  it  also  seriously 
affects  the  operation  Of  the  machine,  besides  creating  more  or  less  of  a  nuis- 
ance in  the  immediate  vicinity  by  showering  water  to  the  ground. 

To  decrease  this  difficulty,  some  manufacturers  provide  splash  boards, 
but  it  seems  that  their  efficiency  is  not  very  great  and  that  they  also  impede 
the  circulation  of ^  air.  On  some  of  the  latest  towers  erected,  this  difficulty 
has  been  overcome,  by  making  the' splash  boards  movable.  One  side  and  one 
end  of  the  tower  are  supplied  with  what  are  practically  a  system  of  Venetian 
.blinds  on  a  large  scale.  These  blinds  are  placed  between  the  supports  of  the 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  25 


tower.  Each  slat  is  a  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  board,  eight  feet  long  and  eight 
inches  wide.  These  slats  or  boards  have  a  casting  screwed  to  each  end  of  the 
board  and  the  casting  forms  a  pin  which  is  inserted  into  a  hole  or  journal  in 
another  casting  screwed  to  the  tower  supports.  A  strip  is  placed  vertically  on 
each  section  of  slats  running  from  top  to  bottom  and  stapled  loosely  to  each 
slat.  In  this  way  any  section  of  blind  can  be  closed  tightly  or  opened  to  any 
degree,  just  as  a  Venetian  blind  is  handled.  When  the  wind  is  light,  the  slats 
are  set  in  a  horizontal  position  and  absolutely  no  obstruction  to  the  air  is  of- 
fered. If  the  wind  increases,  they  can  be  adjusted  accordingly,  so  that  at  all 
times  the  maximum  circulation  of  air  can  be  realized  without  losing  any 
water  by  blowing  off.  All  connections  are  loosely  made,  so  that  the  slats  may 
shrink  or  swell  without  binding. 

The  Acme  Self-Cooling  Water  Tower,  manufactured  by  B.  F.  Hartr 
New  York,  embodies  some  peculiar  characteristics,  which  will  be  easily  de- 
tected by  looking  at  the  illustration  (Fig.  9). 

The  method  of  operation  is  as  follows :  The  hot  circulating  water,  when 
discharged  from  the  condenser,  is  pumped  to  the  top  of  the  tower,  where  it  is 
distributed  into  a  shallow  pan.  This  pan  is  the  upper  one  of  a  series  that  are 
equipped  with  the  Acme  patented  spray  device.  The  pans  are  carried  by  a 
structural  steel  tower  strongly  braced  and  gusseted,  and  open  to  the  air  on  all 
sides.  The  heated  water  passes  by  gravity  through  the  pans,  where  it  is 
divided  into  minute  particles  so  that  a  maximum  surface  is  exposed  to  the 
evaporative  and  cooling  effect  of  the  surrounding  air.  The  cooled  water  is 
caught  in  a  receiving  basin  under  the  tower,  whence  it  is  returned  to  the 
condensers. 

Before  concluding  the  chapter  on  the  open  type  cooling  tower,  we  will 
not  fail  to  briefly  mention  the  tower  built  by  the  Triumph  Ice  Machine  Co., 
of  Cincinnati,  which  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  10.  The  principle  is  the  same  as 
employed  in  every  other  type,  the  exposure  of  the  water  in  a  thin  sheet  to  the 
cooling  effect  of  the  atmosphere.  This  result  will  be  increased  by  giving  the 
tower  a  rotary  motion  against  the  direction  of  the  air  draught. 
.  • .  -  •  •••'• 

Forced  or  Fan   Draught  Type. 

In  order  to  accelerate  the  evaporation  and  thus  increase  the  efficiency  of 
the  cooling  tower,  most  manufacturers  of  modern  cooling  towers  obtain 
the  necessarily  lighter  air  circulation  by  the  use  of  fan  blowers.  Fan  towers 
are  always  recommended  in  cases  where  the  quantity  of  hefct  to  be  removed 
is  great  and  where  the  duty  is  especially  severe  in  the  hot  summer  months. 
But  the  cost  of  power  necessary  to  operate  the  fans  and  the  wear  and  tear 
due  to  moving  parts  are  disadvantages  which  have  to  be  taken  into  consider- 
ation in  selecting  a  cooling  tower.  The  fan  tower,  however,  is  well  suited  for 
ammonia  condenser  work  and  for  steam  condensers  where  the  space  available 
is  limited,  or  where  the  tower  can  be  placed  to  advantage  upon  the  roof  of 
the  engine  or  boiler  house.  While,  of  couse,'  the  power  required  to  operate 
the  fan  is  a  constant  charge,  still,  by  running  the  fan  at  a  reduced  speed  when 
the  load  is  light  or  the  weather  is  cold,  and  by  returning  the  heat  of  the  ex- 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


haust  steam  from  the  fan  engine  to  the  boiler  by  way  of  the  feedwater,  the 
actual  charge  is  reduced  to  an  inconsiderable  amount. 

As  we  have  seen,  the  temperature  and  relative  humidity  of  the  atmos- 
phere are  the  elements  which  govern  the  quantity  of  air  necessarily  delivered 
to  the  towers,  and  the  speed  of  the  fans  must  be  regulated  accordingly.  A 


Fig. ..JO. — Rotary  Cooling  Tower. 


great  volume  of  air  must  be  delivered,  when  the  temperature  and  humidity 
of  the  air  are  high.  The  maximum  figures  and  those  on  which  the  air  de- 
livery is  based,  are  95°  F.  in  the  shade,  with  80  per  cent,  saturation,  as  we 
will  see  from  a  table  given  later  on.  These  conditions,  being  extreme,  are 
seldom  met  with  and  are  then  but  of  comparatively  short  duration,  but  any- 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


27 


thing  approaching  this  calls  for  the  highest  fan  speed.  This  should  vary  from 
25  revolutions  per  minute  in  a  10  foot  fan  to  670  revolutions  per  minute  where 
a  4  foot  fan  is  used. 

Fans  are  driven  most  advantageously  by  an  independent  steam  engine, 
where  the  speed  may  be  regulated  at  will.  Motors  are  used  in  many  insia-- 
lations  and  make  a  very  compact  and  economical  fan  driver  where  current  is 
plentiful.  They  should  be  arranged  for  changes  of  speed.  Shafting,  when, 
located  handily,  is  often  used. 


Fig.   11. — Alberger  Cooling  Towers. 


A  good  example  of  a  fan  tower  is  shown  in  Fig.  11.  This  cooling  tower 
is  made  by  the  Alberger  Condensing  Co.,  of  New  York.  It  is  cylindrical  in 
shape  and  constructed  of  sheet  steel.  The  filling  consists  of  boards  of  swamp 
cypress,  geometrically  arranged  in  a  regular  manner,  so  as  to  positively  deter- 
mine a  complete  and  ultimate  distribution  of  the  water  and  the  air.  The  fans 
of  the  tower  are  operated  by  a  steam  engine  which  also  drives  by  direct  con- 
nection a  centrifugal  circulating  pump,  that  withdraws  the  hot  water  from 
the  hot  well  and  discharges  it  to  the  distributor  of  the  cooling  tower.  The  dis- 
tributor is  shown  in  Fig.  12.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  water  issues  from  the 
arms  of  the  distributor  through  tubes  so  arranged  as  to  cause  the  water  to 
retain  its  jet  form  until  it  reaches  the  filling,  upon  which  it  adheres  and 
spreads.  As  each  tube  has  to  supply  water  for  all  the  filling  over  which  it 
passes  during  a  revolution,  it  is  of  necessity  of  comparatively  large  diameter 
and  does  not  become  clogged  with  leaves  or  other  similar  material.  The  hub 
of  the  distributor,  which  carries  the  arms,  is  rotated  upon  a  roller  bearing  by 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


the  reaction  of  the  jets  of  water,  and  the  small  amount  of  resistance  offered 
permits  of  a  steady  and  constant  rotation  with  a  very  small  velocity  of  water 
in  the  spouts. 

The  illustration  (Fig  13)  shows  an  Alberger  cooling  tower  as  applied  to 
an  ice  manufacturing  plant,  where  it  is  not  only  applied  for  the  liquefaction 
of  the  ammonia,  but  also  for  the  water  fore-cooler  and  the  steam  condenser. 
By  tracing  the  course  of  the  water,  we  see  that  the  cold  water  is  taken  by 
the  circulating  pump  and  discharged  over  the  ammonia  condenser.  After 
being  partially  heated,  it  then  passes  over  the  steam  condenser  and  falls  into 
the  cooling  tower,  where  it  is  cooled  for  re-use.  When  a  water  cooler  is 
employed,  a  portion  of  the  cold  water  is  taken  directly  from  the  tower  and 
allowed  to  pass  over  the  water  cooler,  while  in  its  coolest  condition.  As  the 


Fig.   12. — View  in  Top  of  Alberger  Cooling  Tower. 

circulating  water,  after  passing  over  the  condensers,  immediately  returns  to 
the  tower,  it  is  evident  that  during  a  given  time  any  amount  of  water  up  to 
the  capacity  of  the  circulating  pump  can  be  passed  over  the  condenser.  There 
is  practically  an  unlimited  supply  available  and  there  is  no  necessity  of  trying 
to  cut  down  to  the  lowest  possible  amount,  as  is  the  case  when  it  has  to  be 
pumped  from  a  deep  well  or  paid  for  when  taken  from  the  city  supply.  It 
will  be  found,  therefore,  that  by  circulating  an  ample  amount  of  water,  the 
final  temperature  of  the  ammonia  condenser  can  be  lowered,  with  a  corre- 
sponding reduction  of  ammonia  pressure  and  power  demanded  by  the  com- 
pressor. 

Probably  one  of  those  most  frequently  found  is  the  cooling  tower  manu- 
factured by  the  Ruemmeli-Dawley  Mfg.  Co.,  of  St.  Louis.  This  tower  is 
made  up  entirely  of  wood.  The  essential  feature  of  this  construction  is  an 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Fig.  13. — Alberger  Cooling  Tower  Installed  in  Ice  Plant. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Fig.   14. — Sectional  View  of  Ruemmeli-Dawley  Cooling  Tower. 


even  distribution,  over  flat  surfaces,  of  the  water  to  be  re-cooled.  It  does 
not  run  clown  these  surfaces  in  streaks,  but  flows  in  a  uniformly  thin  sheet, 
over  which  air  is  blown  by  a  fan,  thus  offering  a  large  surface  of  water  to  the 
current  of  air  that  blows  over  it.  The  air  causes  part  of  the  warm  water  to 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Tig.  15. — Ruemmeli-Dawley  Cooling  Tower  at  Plant  of  Griesedieck  Ice  Co.,  St.  Louis. 

evaporate,  and  the  heat  which  changes  the  water  into  vapor  is  taken  from  the 
remaining  body  of  water  which  is  thus  cooled,  while  the  air  carries  away 
this  heat  in  the  form  of  vapor. 


32 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


L_ - 

Fig.  16. — Ruemmeli-Dawley  Cooling  Towers  at  Anheuser-Busch  Ice  Plant,  St.  Louis. 


Illustration  (Fig.  14)  shows  a  cooling  tower  cooling  the  water  used  over 
the  ammonia  condensers.  The  tower  is  located  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
distributing  troughs  are  directly  connected  with  the  condenser  pan,  from 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


33 


which  the  water  runs  directly  into  and  over  the  filling  of  the  tower,  gathers 
in  the  basin  below  and  is  forced  from  there  to  the  top  of  the  ammonia  con- 
densers by  a  rotary  pump  driven  by  the  same  little  engine  which  drives  the 
air  circulating  fan  of  the  cooling  tower. 

A  great  number  of  these  cooling  towers  are  in  operation  in  all  parts  of 
the  United  States.  The  tower  represented  in  Fig.  15  is  erected  at  the  plant 
of  the  Griesedieck  Artificial  Ice  Co.,  St.  Louis,  and  has  a  capacity  of  1,200,000 
gallons  daily.  The  largest  cooling  tower  plant  is  located  in  St.  Louis,  at  the 
plant  of  the  Anheuser-Busch  Brewing  Ass'n,  where  with  twenty  towers 
14,000,000  gallons  of  water  are  cooled  per  day.  The  photo  (Fig.  16)  has 


Fig.  17. — Cooling  Tower  of  International  Steam  Eng'g  Co.,  New   York. 


been  taken  at  the  Anheuser-Busch  plant,  showing  a  battery  of  five  cooling 
towers,  with  a  capacity  of  3,500,000  gallons  daily. 

The  International  Steam  Engineering  Co.,  of  New  York,  has  put  a 
cooling  tower  on  the  market,  in  which  the  system  of  percolation  seems  to  be 
quite  a  departure  from  the  average  cooling  tower.  While  in  the  old  method 
the  precipitation  of  water  in  sheets  or  layers  with  a  series  of  air  currents  im- 
pinging against  the  flowing  water  afforded  but  a  slight  contact  of  the  air 
current  against  the  constituent  elements  of  the  water  to  be  cooled,  the  system 
of  percolation  adopted  by  this  kind  of  cooling  tower  seems  to  have  met  with 
great  success,  according  to  its  manufacturers.  The  water  is  pumped  into 


34 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


troughs  (see  Fig.  17),  from  which  lateral  pipes  extend,  and  the  water  is 
allowed  to  fall  by  gravity  from  these  lateral  pipes  in  drops  to  the  first  ro\¥  of 
troughs.  The  area  of  air  contact  in  a  drop  of  water  is  immediately  seen  to  be 
large.  On  dropping  to  the  first  row  of  troughs  the  water  is  disintegrated  and 
again  allowed  to  flow  from  these  troughs,  through  lateral  holes  in  them,  in 
drops  of  water  presenting  an  entirely  different  area  of  contact  for  the  ex- 
traction of  heat  units  contained  therein.  This  procedure  is  carried  on  con- 
tinuously throughout  a  series  of  troughs  until  the  water  has  arrived  at  tht 


M*#£  UP  *AL  V 


OUTLC.T 

Fig.  18. — Sectional  Views  of  Barnard  Wheeler  Cooling  Tower. 


greatest  possible  coolness  obtainable  with  air  currents,  and  the  manufacturers 
claim  to  have  obtained  in  practice  as  low  as  !."»  decrees  below  atmosphere. 

These  towers  are  preferably  built  of  brick,  owing  to  its  indestructibility 
and  imperviousness  to  disintegration.  The  cupola  arrangement  is  a  particular 
feature,  whereby  the  loss  by  evaporation  is  said  to  be  reduced  to  less  than  4 
per  cent,  of  the  total  amount  of  water  cooled,  as  the  cupola  retains  much  of 
the  moisture  and  evaporation  being  held  in  suspension  in  the  cupola  by  the 
air  currents  and  slowly  projected  against  the  lower  hoards  which  drain  back 
to  the  tower. 

One  of  these  cooling  towers  is  built  for  the  U.  S.  Government  at  Federal 
Prison,  Atlanta,  Ga.  It  is  cooling  water  to  seven  degrees  F.  below  surround- 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


35 


ing  atmosphere  with  98  per  cent,  humidity.  The  tower  has  a  capacity  of 
about  100  H.P.  condensing  plant,  and  is  driven  by  direct  slow  speed  motor, 
operating  on  the  remarkably  small  amount  of  2.9  H.P.  at  maximum  load. 


BARNARD'S  COOLING  TOW.ER 


Fig.  20. — Barnard  Cooling  Tower  in  Combination  with  Jet  Condenser. 

The  "Barnard"  cooling  tower  is  in  a  class  by  itself.  It  is  constructed  of 
steel  plate,  but  may  be  built  of  brick  or  wood,  as  it  is  only  a  receptacle  for  the 
"mats"  and  system  of  water  distribution. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Fig.    19. — Barnard   Cooling   Tower   in   Combination   With   Surface   Condenser. 


The  sectional  views  (Fig  18)  show  the  rectangular  form,  within  which 
are  suspended  vertically,  and  properly  spaced,  the  required  number  of  mats. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  37 


These  mats  are  made  of  special  steel  wire  cloth,  galvanized  after  weaving. 
This  arrangement  is  said  to  have  proven  in  practice  to  be  an  ideal  one,  as 
the  mats  are  practically  a  metallic  sponge  capable  of  holding  in  semi-suspen- 
sion a  large  quantity  of  water,  which  flows  slowly  over  the  surfaces  of  the 
wire.  The  formation  of  the  wire  cloth  is  such  that  it  compels  a  holding  back 
or  partial  interruption  of  the  flow  and  brings  about  a  "change  of  front"  to 
the  outside  films  of  water. 

As  the  quantity  of  water  held  by  a  square  foot  of  the  mats  is  small,  the 
passage  of  the  water  over  and  through  the  mats  is  necessarily  slow,  affording 
ample  time  for  the  evaporative  and  refrigerative  effect  of  the  air  currents. 

The  water  distribution  at  the  top  of  the  tower  is  extremely  simple,  each 
mat  receiving  its  proper  proportion  of  the  total  volume  of  circulating  water, 
which  is  equally  distributed  over  the  upper  edge  of  the  mats  and  flows  uni- 
formly from  top  to  bottom. 

The  fan  is  placed  below  the  mats,  and  by  reason  of  the  uniform  spacing, 
the  air  meets  with  a  minimum  of  obstruction  in  its  vertical  path  between  the 
mats,  thereby  requiring  but  little  power  to  circulate  the  necessary  volume 
of  air. 

The  illustration  (Fig.  19)  shows  a  "Barnard"  cooling  tower  in  combi- 
nation with  a  Wheeler  condensing  system.  The  tower  may  be  located  on  the 
roof  of  the  building  or  other  place  elevated  more  or  less  above  ground,  where 
ground  space  is  not  available,  or  too  expensive.  Practically,  there  is  no  limit 
tc  the  height  of  a  building,  or  structure,  on  which  the  tower  may  be  located 
above  the  condenser,  as  the  only  additional  duty  imposed  upon  the  circulating 
pump  in  lifting  the  water  to  the  roof,  owing  to  the  up  and  down  water 
columns  being  balanced,  is  caused  by  the  friction  pf  the  water  passing  through 
the  pipes  and  condenser,  and  the  difference  in  height  between  the  top  of  the 
tower  and  the  reservoir  or  tank  at  base  of  same. 

The  Wheeler  surface  condenser,  fitted  with  independent  pumps,  is 
claimed  to  be  well  adapted  for  this  service  and  has  been  in  use  for  a  consid- 
erable time.  The  manufacturers  are  referring  to  plants  in  successful  operation 
sufficiently  long  to  demonstrate  its  unqualified  success,  particularly  where  the 
cooling  towers  were  placed  on  the  top  of  high  buildings,  and  where  there  is 
a  difference  of  fully  90  feet  between  the  Wheeler  condenser  and  the  top  of 
the  Barnard  cooling  tower. 

In  Fig.  20  the  Barnard  cooling  tower  is  shown  in  combination  with  an 
independent  air  pump  and  jet  condenser,  the  tower  being  located  on  the 
ground.  In  most  cases  the  air  pump,  under  the  jet  system,  can  be  depended 
upon  to  maintain  a  fairly  good  vacuum,  say  from  22  to  24  inches,  and  at  the 
same  time  elevate  the  water  to  the  top  of  the  tower.  It.  is  not  possible, 
however,  to  load  the  air  pump  with  this  double  duty  and  obtain  as  high  vacuum 
and  maximum  efficiency  as  would  result  if  the  air  pump  was  confined  to  its 
legitimate  duty  and  the  work  of  elevating  the  water  was  performed  by  a 
water  cylinder  attached  to  the  air  cylinder  or  by  a  separate  pump.  In  the 
interest  of  higher  duty  and  lower  cost  of  operation,  it  would  seem  advisable 
to  use  the  three-cylinder  type  of  direct-acting  pumps,  which  is  employed  in 
combination  with  the  Wheeler  surface  condenser,  previously  described.  With 


38 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Pig.  21. — Battery  of  Barnard  Cooling  Towers  at  Liverpool,  England. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


this  arrangement  a  much  better  vacuum  can  be  maintained  and  at  no  extra 
fxpense  for  power.  A  battery  of  five  of  these  towers  operating  at  Liverpool, 
England,  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  21. 

A  novel  feature  is  embodied  in  the  Worthington  cooling  tower,  which 
careful  study.    The  sectional  view  (Fig.  22)  shows  a  cylindrical  steel 


HOT  WATER. 


COLD  WATEfy 


Fig.   22. — Sectional  View  of  Worthington  Cooling  Tower. 


shell  open  at  the  top,  supported  upon  a  suitable  foundation,  and  having  fitted 
at  one  side  the  fan,  which  circulates  the  current  of  air  through  the  tower  and 
its  filling.  This  filling  consists  of  layers  of  cylindrical  tubular  tiling,  which 
rests  upon  a  grating  supported  by  a  brick  wall  extending  around  the  cir- 
cwmference  of  the  tower.  The  heated  discharge  water  from  the  condenser 


40 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


enters  the  tower  at  the  side,  passes  up  the  central  pipe,  is  delivered  on  the 
upper  layer  of  tiling  and  over  the  whole  cross-section  of  the  tower  by  a  dis- 
tributing device  consisting  of  four  pipes,  which  are  caused  to  rotate  about  the 
central  water  pipe  by  the  simple  reaction  of  the  jets  of  heated  water  issuing 
from  one  side  of  each  pipe.  The  water  thus  delivered  spreads  over  the  out- 
side and  inside  surfaces  of  the  walls  of  the  tiling,  and  forms  a  continuous 
sheet,  which  is  presented  to  the  action  of  the  air.  The  tiling  are  placed  on 
end  in  horizontal  layers,  one  upon  the  other,  and  packed  as  closely  as  possible, 
the  walls  of  each  individual  tile  of  each  succes'sive  layer  being  disposed  so  as 
to  come  opposite  the  air  spaces  of  the  next  lower  layer,  breaking  joints,  as  it 
were,  the  object  being  in  this  disposition  to  break  up  both  the  currents  of  air 
and  water,  so  that  the  most  thorough  and  extended  contact  will  take  place 


Pig.   23. — Worthington  Cooling  Tower  Operating  in   Power   Plant. 


If  there  are  ten  layers  of  tiling  in  a  tower,  then  there  are  nine  places,  in 
addition  to  the  original  spreading  at  the  top,  at  which  there  is  a  complete 
distribution  of  the  water.  It  will  be  seen  that  each  tile  must  rest  on  at  least 
two,  and  possibly  three  in  the  next  lower  layer.  Assuming,  however,  that 
each  tile  rests  on  only  two  others,  a  given  quantity  of  water,  placed  on  any 
one  tile  in  the  top  layer,  will  be  divided  over  at  least  two  tiles  in  the  second 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


layer,  three  in  the  third,  four  in  the  fourth,  and  so  on,  until  it  becomes  spread 
over  fifty-four  in  the  lowest  layer  on  the  grating. 

The  air  is  distributed  in  an  equally  good  manner,  and  there  is  a  large, 
free  area  with  equal  facility  for  its  passage  upward  over  the  entire  cross- 
-section  of  the  tower. 


Fig.    24. — Worthington  Cooling  Tower  Operating  in  Refrigerating  Plant. 


Figs.  23  and  24  show  the  Worthington  cooling  tower  as  it  is  connected 
to  a  power  plant  and  a  refrigerating  plant  respectively.  The  same  tower  in 
combination  with  the  pumps  and  engines  of  a  modern  office  building  is  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  25. 

Chas.  H.  Leinert's  "Only"  cooling  tower  (Fig.  26)  is,  as  far  as  we  know 


42 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


this  tower,  indeed  the  only  one  of  this  particular  construction.  Whether  it  is 
-the  only  efficient  one,  has  to  be  proven  by  its  maker. 

The  tower  is  of  the  closed  type  and  built  entirely  of  iron,  no  wood  being 
used.  The  manufacturers  claim  that  a  high  efficiency  is  obtained  by  a  pe- 
culiar combination  of  natural  and  mechanical  draft. 

The  hot  water  enters  a  main  trough  on  top  of  the  tower,  from  where  it 
is  distributed  into  galvanized  iron  gutters  by  means  of  short  vertical  pipes. 
The  gutters  are  provided  with  notches  and  are  set  over  a  large  number  of 
cooling  coils,  also  provided  with  notched  drip  strips.  In  this  way  a  uniform 
distribution  of  the  water  over  every  following  cooling  pipe  is  insured,  result- 
ing in  a  comparatively  slow  travel  downwards. 


Fig.  25.  —  vVorthington  Cooling  Tower  on  Koor  01  .v 


rn  Omce  jtfuilding. 


Half  way  down,  the  cooling  pipes  are  set  at  right  angles  to  the  upper 
pipes  in  order  to  produce  an  equal  cooling  effect  of  the  water  in  all  parts  of 
the  tower  and  to  allow  the  air  to  absorb  all  vapor. 

The  great  advantage  of  this  tower  is,  that  the  water  is  not  only  cooled 
by  the  air  delivered  by  the  fan  but  also  by  the  outer  air.  The  galvanized  cool- 
ing pipes  extend  through  the  shell  of  the  tower  and  a  natural  flow  of  air 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


4:3 


through  the  pipes  takes  place  on  account  of  the  difference  in  temperature  of 
the  outer  and  inner  surface  of  the  cooling  pipes.  This  air  partly  removes  the 
sensible  heat  of  the  hot  water  flowing  over  the  pipes.  1  his  arrangement 
however,  complicates  the  construction  of  the  tower,  as  each  end  of  the  pipes 
has  to  have  a  stuffing  box  to  avoid  leakage. 

The  manufacturer  claims  that  the  fan  need  only  be  used  during  the  hot 
summer  months,  as  experiments  have  shown  that  the  natural  draft  through 
the  fan  opening  and  the  cooling  pipes  will  cool  the  water  sufficiently,  while  an 
additional  draft  may  be  caused  by  opening  the  door  of  the  fan  house. 

A  cooling  tower  of  quite  unique  design  has  been  patented  by  A.  Siebert, 


piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii 


Fig.   26. — The  "Only"  Cooling  Tower. 


St.  Louis  (see  Fig.  27).  It  consists  of  a  framework,  with  four  columns  and 
with  channel  beams  fastened  to  them  on  both  sides,  further  securely  tied  by 
tie  rods  on  the  narrow  side  and  sideplates  of  cast-iron  on  the  long  side.  The 
whole  tower  is  made  of  iron,  no  wood  being  used  or  soldering  done. 

The  sheets,  over  which  the  water  is  run  and  air  is  passed  in  a  thin  film 
and  at  high  pressure,  are  placed  in  an  angle  of  22^°,  and  are  10  feet  long 
and  formed  in  several  zigzags,  so  as  to  revert  the  current  of  the  water  just  as 
many  times;  the  sheets  are  made  of  galvanized  corrugated  sheet  iron.  The 
?ngle  is  so  selected  that  no  water  is  standing  in  depressions  and  yet  the  flow 


44 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


of  water  retarded  very  much,  as  it  has  to  rise  and  fall  l/%  inch  every  \y^ 
inches.  This  makes  the  water  flow  in  the  thinnest  possible  film  without  sput- 
tering, and  induces  evaporation  without  carrying  water  particles  along. 

The  air  is  passed  over  the  outer  and  lower  edge  of  the  sheets  rapidly 
2nd  in  a  thin  film,  following  the  corrugations,  and  therefore  can  thoroughly 
and  quickly  exchange  heat  with  the  water.  For  it  is  evident  that  both  sides 
(top  and  bottom)  of  the  corrugated  sheets  transmit  heat,  one  from  the  air 
through  the  very  thin  galvanized  iron  and  finally  to  the  water,  and  the 
ether  being  covered  with  water  to  it  direct. 

Natural  Draught  Chimney  Type* 

This  type  is  now  very  frequently  used  for  large  installations,  as  it  com- 
bines low  cost  with  small  ground  space,  and  absence  from  any  nuisance  from 
vapor  or  spray.  The  cooling  hurdles  are  enclosed  in  a  chimney,  and  the  tem- 
perature difference  between  the  warm  water  and  the  surrounding  air  produces 
a  draught  similar  to  an  ordinary  chimney  stack.  The  air  enters  at  the  bottom 
of  the  tower,  and  the  vapor  raised  leaves  the  cooler  at  such  a  height  that  it  is 


Fig.  27. — A.  Siebert's  Cooling  Tower. 

practically  at  once  absorbed  by  the  atfosphere.  These  towers  are  built  either 
totally  of  wood,  iron  or  both  combined. 

The  Alberger  natural  draft  cooling  tower  is  about  80  feet  high,  and  con- 
sequently should  be  placed  on  the  ground  level.  It  is  an  excellent  machine  to 
use  when  it  is  desirable  to  convey  the  vapor  from  the  tower  above  adjoining 
buildings,  or  where  the  tower  must  be  at  some  distance  from  the  engine  room 
and  such  a  location  renders  inconvenient  the  transmission  of  power  to  the  fan 
of  a  fan  tower.  The  arrangement  of  filling  is  at  the  extreme  bottom  of  the 
tower,  and  air  is  allowed  to  enter  around  the  piers  that  support  the  structure 
of  the  tower.  The  distributor  is  the  same  as  that  used  with  the  fan  towers, 
and  the  stack  is  connected  to  the  top  of  the  tower  by  means  of  a  conical  section, 
as  illustrated  in  Fig.  28. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  circulating  pump  comprises  hot  and  cold  watei 
pumps,  operated  by  the  same  steam  end.  The  cold  water  pump  derives  its 
supply  of  water  from  the  cold  well  of  the  cooling  tower  and  discharges  into 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


the  barometric  condenser,  being  assisted  by  the  vacuum  in  the  latter.  The 
water  there  condenses  the  exhaust  steam  from  the  engines  and  falls  down  the 
barometric  tube  against  the  atmospheric  pressure  to  the  hot  well;  from  the 
latter  it  is  removed  by  the  hot  water  pump  and  discharged  to  the  distributor 
of  the  cooling  tower.  After  falling  through  the  cooling  tower  and  becoming 
cooled  by  the  evaporation  caused  by  contact  with  the  ascending  air,  it  finally 
reaches  the  cold  well  cooled  for  re-use  in  the  condenser. 


NATURAL  DRAFT 
COOLING  TOWER 


COLD  WELL  OVERFLOW 

Fig.    28. — Alberger   Natural    Draft   Cooling   Tower. 


The  Barnard- Wheeler  water  cooling  tower  is  also  built  as  a  natural  draft 
chimney  type,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  illustration  (Fig.  29).  It  differs  in  its 
essential  features  in  no  respect  from  the  forced  draft  type,  which  has  been 
described  above,  with  the  exception  that  the  fan  has  been  omitted  and  a  stack 
attached  to  the  tower,  to  induce  natural  draft. 

In  illustration  (Fig.  30)  we  recognize  the  old  rain  cooler,  illustrated  as 
Fig.  3.  The  cooler  is  operated  in  combination  with  a  condensing  system,  and 
consists  of  the  condenser,  the  rain  cooler,  and  the  draft  chimney.  This  design 
is  a  German  one,  and,  characteristic  to  this  nation,  combines  an  efficient  cool- 
ing arrangements  with  beauty  in  design. 

The  Worthington  cooling  tower  is  also  built  as  a  natural  draft  tower,  and 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


as  such  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  31.  The  construction  of  the  tower  is  practically 
the  same  as  the  fan  tower,  except  that  the  circulation  of  the  air  is  caused  by 
the  draught  produced  by  the  stack  placed  above  the  filling  of  the  tower.  The 
air  enters  at  the  bottom  around  the  periphery  of  the  tower,  passes  up  through 


Fig.    29. — Barnard    Natural    Draft    Cooling    Tower. 

the  filling,  and  there  meets  and  cools  the  circulating  water  and  passes  up  and 
out  through  the  stack.    The  stack  is  so  proportioned  as  in  give  about  the  same 
velocity  and  quantity  of  air  as  with  the  fan  tower,  and  the  results  are  claimed 
o  he  equally  good  as  regards  the  cooling  effect. 


THE   ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


Fig.  31. — Worthington  Natural  Draft  Cooling  Tower. 


48 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Advantages  of  a  Cooling  Tower. 


Cooling  towers  possess  operative  advantages  of  considerable  importance. 
When  they  are  used,  the  water  supply  to  the  condensers  is  not  liable  to  be  cut 
off  by  ice  or  other  foreign  material,  nor  the  suction  lost  on  account  of  low 
water,  as  is  not  infrequently  the  case,  where  rivers,  subject  to  considerable  rise 
and  fall  are  the  source  of  the  condensing  water.  The  presence  of  a  supply  of 
water  in  the  cooling  tower,  at  practically  the  ground  level,  allows  the  con- 
densing apparatus  to  carry  large  over-loads  without  loss  of  the  suction.  The 
fixed  suction  lift  thus  obtained  assures  the  delivery  of  a  constant  quantity  of 
water  to  the  condenser  without  the  use  of  complicated  speed-governing  de- 
vices, which  are  necessary  when  a  varying  suction  lift  exists,  as  is  the  case 


Fig.    30. — Natural    Draft   Cooling   Tower    in    Combination    With    Rain    Cooler. 

where  the  condensing  water  is  taken  from  a  source  subject  to  rise  and  fall  due 
t<  >  tide  or  climatic  conditions. 

Freedom  from'  foreign  material  permits  of  the  use  of  a  more  complete 
spraying  device  in  the  condenser,  and  a  higher  efficiency  follows;  further- 
more, the  durability  of  the  condenser  is  enhanced  as  the  water  usually  con- 
tains trie  oil  from  the  cylinder  lubrication  of  the  main  engines,  and  is  free  from 
any  material  that  can  wear  the  moving  parts. 

The  use  of  cooling  towers  also  relieves  the  condenser  and  pumps  from 
corrosive  action  caused  by  the  presence  of  salt  and  some  chemicals  often  found 
in  natural  water  supplies. 

It  is  these  and  other  seemingly  small  points  that  when  grouped  together 
have  proved  very  valuable  to  the  every-day  running  of  a  steam  plant.  There 
TS  nothing  so  objectionable  as  the  loss  of  a  vacuum  through  the  stoppage  of  the 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  49 

water  supply.  Even  if  the  station  can  carry  the  load  with  the  engines  running 
non-condensing,  they  will  be  at  a  great  disadvantage  and  will  usually  show 
harshness  of  action,  which  may  result  in  a  serious  disarrangement.  A  single 
occurrence  of  this  kind  more  than  offsets  any  slight  difference  of  steam  econ- 
omy by  the  use  of  cooling  towers  instead  of  a  natural  water  supply. 

Economy  of  Cooling  Towers  and  Results  in  Cooling* 

There  is,  of  course,  a  certain  loss  of  water  by  evaporation,  but  this  rarely 
exceeds  ten  per  cent,  of  the  water  cooled,  while  under  favorable  conditions  of 
the  air  it  does  not  exceed  five  per  cent. 

The  saving  of  water  is,  therefore,  from  ninety  to  ninety-five  per  cent., 
and  where  a  large  condensing  plant  would,  for  instance,  require  1,000,000 
gallons  of  water  per  day,  it  will  by  use  of  the  cooling  towers  need  only  from 
50,000  to  100,000  gallons  per  day. 

Take  city  water  at  10  cents  per  1,000  gallons,  1,000,000  gallons  would 
cost  $100,  while  100,000  gallons  would  cost  only  $10,  thus  effecting  a  saving 
of  $90  per  day.  About  1,000,000  gallons  per  day  are  needed  for  the  steam 
condensers  of  a  500  horse-power  condensing  engine.  A  500  horse-power 
non-condensing  engine  would  require  about  nineteen  tons  of  coal  per  day,  and 
running  condensing  the  saving  would  be  about  five  tons  of  coal,  which  at 
$3.50  per  ton  would  be  $17.50  per  day.  Condensing  water  with  the  use  of 
cooling  towers  would  cost  $10  100,000  gallons),  the  net  saving  equaling 
$7.50  per  day,  or  $2,700  per  year.  ' 

The  following  data  are  supplied  by  the  Ruemmeli-Dawley  Mfg.  Co., 
and  show  the  results  in  cooling  obtained  by  the  use  of  cooling  towers : 

For  ammonia  condensers,  with  the  air  at  95°  F.  and  37  per  cent,  humidity  : 

Initial  temperature  of  water  entering  cooling  tower 100°  F. 

Final  temperature  of  water  leaving  cooling  tower 71°  F. 


Result  in  cooling    .  . , 29°   F. 

For  steam  condensers,  with  the  air  at  95°  F.  and  44  per  cent,  humidity: 

Initial  temperature  of  water  entering  cooling  tower 160°  F. 

Final  temperature  of  water  leaving  cooling  tower 81°  F. 


Result  in  cooling 79°  F. 

The  tables  below  give  a  series  of  tests  at  different  temperatures  and 
different  degrees  of  humidity  of  the  air . 

The  International  Steam  Engineering  Co.,  of  New  York,  has  conducted 
a  series  of  tests  on  their  cooling  tower,  which  has  been  described  above.  The 
table  given  elsewhere  shows  the  results  of  these  tests,  which  indicate  a  remark- 
ably high  efficiency. 

Capacity  and  Size  of  Cooling  Towers* 

When  we  consider  the  requirements  in  a  power  plant,  we  will  see  that 
the  work  of  a  cooling  tower  lies  in  abstracting  sufficient  heat  from  the  circulat- 
ing water  to  reduce  its  temperature  enough  to  use  it  again  in  the  condenser. 


50 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


FOR  AMMONIA  CONDENSERS. 


FOR   STEAM    CONDENSERS. 


Temperature  of  Air 
in  the  Shade. 

Humidity  of  the  Air. 

Temperature    of 
Warm  Water. 

Temperature    of 
Cooled  Water. 

95° 

37  per  cent. 

100° 

71* 

84° 

67  per  cent. 

100° 

75* 

77° 

40  per  cent. 

100° 

11* 

70° 

48  per  cent. 

90° 

60- 

»1° 

42  per  cent. 

86° 

72« 

88° 

42  per  cent. 

86° 

«8H' 

80° 

70  per  cent. 

85° 

71* 

Temperature  of  Air 
in  the  Shade. 

Humidity  of  the  Air. 

Temperature    of 
Warm  Water. 

Temperature    of 
Cooled  Water. 

95° 
95° 
94° 

44   per  cent. 
41   per  cent. 
43   per   cent. 

160° 
140* 
120° 

tr 

79« 
76* 

This  means  a  reduction  from  about  120°  F.  to  80°  F.,  when  a  vacuum  of  about 
25  inches  is  to  be  maintained.  Vacuum  results  are  measured,  aside  from  the 
air  displacement,  by  the  quantity  and  temperature  of  the  cooling  water.  When 
the  temperature  is  low,  the  quantity  required  is  correspondingly  small.  The 
question  becomes  one  of  proportion,  and  the  ratio  of  water  to  that  of  exhaust 
steam  to  be  condensed  is  determined  by  the  following  formula : 


H  —  T« 


rn  


T»  —  T« 


Where  H  =  total  heat  in  exhaust  steam. 

T»  =  temperature  of  discharge. 

T*  ==  temperature  of  suction. 

R  =  ratio. 
With  conditions  mentioned  above,  this  would  be — 


1150  _  120 


120  —  80 


=  2;..;. 


Or,  25.7  Ibs.  of  cooling  are  required  to  condense  each  pound  of  exhaust  steam 
to  maintain  a  vacuum  of  25  inches  when  the  temperature  of  the  circulating- 
water  is  80°  F. 

In  order,  now,  to  find  the  amount  of  cooling  water  required  per  hour  JKT 
horse-power  of  engine,  \ve  must  first  determine  •  -hat  kind  of  engine  is  to  he 
used,  as  on  this  depends  the  steam  consumption. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  operation  of  a  steam  engine  for 
one  horse-power  per  hour : 

A  direct  acting  steam  pump  uses   r?n  Ibs.  su-am  per  H.P.  per  hour. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  51 


A  plain  slide  valve  engine  uses  60  to  70  Ibs.  steam  per  H.P.  per  hour. 

A  high  speed  automatic  engine  uses  30  to  50  Ibs.  steam  per  H.P.  per  hour. 

A  Corliss  simple  non-cond.  engine  uses  25  to  28  Ibs.  steam  per  H.P. 
per  hour. 

A  Corliss  comp.  non-cond.  engine  uses  23  to  26  Ibs.  steam  per  H.P.  per  hour. 

A  Corliss  simple  condensing  engine  uses  19  to  21  Ibs.  steam  per  H.P. 
per  hour. 

A  Corliss  compound  condensing  engine  uses  13  to  15  Ibs.  steam  per  H.P. 
per  hour. 

When  it  is  taken  into  consideration  that  the  average  boiler  will  evaporate 
8  Ibs.  of  water  per  Ib.  of  coal,  it  is  very  easy  to  determine  how  much  coal  is 
required  and  how  much  can  be  saved  through  the  operation  of  the  condensing 
system  attached  to  a  simple  or  compound  engine. 

Upon  the  quantity  and  terminal  temperature  of  the  circulating  water  is 
based  the  area  of  surface  necessary  in  the  tower  to  cool  the  water.  The  ap- 
paratus will  handle  to  good  advantage  only  that  quantity  for  which  it  is  de- 
signed. Greater  quantities  lessen  its  efficiency.  For  best  results  the  attendant 
should  regulate  the  speed  of  his  pump  in  order  to  deliver  the  proper  quantity  of 
water  required  to  meet  the  varying  conditions. 

By  determining  the  necessary  proportions  of  a  cooling  tower  installation, 
the  following  data  may  be  used  to  good  advantage : 

TOWERS  WITH  INJECTOR. — The  pressure  required  for  the  jet  is  from  48 
to  66  feet.  Two  sizes  of  injectors  are  commonly  employed.  The  capacity  of 
the  smaller  one,  which  is  y%  inch  in  diameter,  is  from  10^/2  to  12^4  cub.  m.  per 
hour,  covering  a  spray  surface  of  from  5  to  7  sq.  m.,  and  resulting  in  lowering 
the  temperature  of  from  30°  to  35°  C. 

The  large  injector  of  ^4-inch  diameter  will  handle  from  14J/2  to  18  cub.  m. 
per  hour,  covering  a  spray  surface  of  from  7  to  10  sq.  m.,  and  lowering  the  tem- 
perature 30  to  38°  C. 

The  cooling  surface  may  be  calculated  as  follows :  About  0.3  sq.  m.  to  cool 
20  to  30°  C  for  one  H.  P.  of  comp.  cond.  engine.  About  0.1  sq  m.  to  cool  10 
to  15°  C.  for  one  H.P.  of  comp.  cond.  engine. 

Towers  with  injectors  are  expensive  to  operate,  as  the  work  of  the  pump 
consumes  about  3  to  4  per  cent,  of  the  engine. 

NATURAL  DRAFT  TOWER. — The  cooling  of  the  water  depends,  as  has  been 
outlined  before,  on  atmospheric  conditions  and  amount  of  water.  The  required 
surface  may  be  taken  on  the  same  basis  as  for  towers  with  injectors. 

FORCED  DRAFT  TOWER.  The  cooling  surface  may  be  taken  to  about 
0.035  sq.  m.  for  one  H.  P.  of  comp.  cond.  engine.  The  suction  of  the  fan  is 
about  y^  inch.  For  lifting  the  water  and  running  the  fan  about  4.5  to  6  per 
cent,  of  the  engine  are  consumed,  which  makes  the  operation  quite  an  expense 
when  compared  with  the  other  systems,  but  which  is  greatly  counterbalanced 
by  obtaining  constant  and  positive  results  and  saving  in  the  first  cost  of  instal- 
lation. 

The  dimensions  of  a  Worthington  cooling  tower  are  about  as  follows : 
An  apparatus  suitable  for  1,000  horse-power  is  17  feet  in  diameter  and  30 
feet  high.  The  suction  tank,  which  is  placed  directly  under  the  tower  and  in 


52 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


the  foundation,  is  8  feet  in  diameter  and  7  feet  deep,  and  contains  about  2,000 
gallons  of  circulating  water,  this  being  a  sufficient  quantity  to  fill  the  con- 
denser pump,  pipes  and  tower  on  starting  up,  and  to  carry  on  continuously 
the  transfer  of  heat  from  the  exhaust  steam  to  the  atmospheric  air. 


Fig.  32. — Views  of  Cooling  Tower  Giving  General  Dimensions   (See  Tables. 


As  the  forced  draft  tower  seems  to  have  met  with  general  favor,  it  has 
become  desirable,  when  figuring  on  installing  cooling  towers,  to  have  some 
tables  to  go  by  in  laying  out  a  plant,  and  for  this  reason  we  will  append  here  a 
few  tables,  stating  general  dimensions,  capacity,  size  of  fan,  etc.,  of  the  fan 
cooling  towers,  as  manufactured  by  the  Ruemmeli-Dawley  Co.,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  De  La  Vergne  Machine  Co.,  of  New  York. 


Size  and  Weight  of  Cooling  Towers. 


No.  of 

MAIN  DIMENSIONS. 

Weight 

Tower. 

A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

f 

G 

H 

in  Ibs. 

I 

sfiiy2" 

8'  6y2" 

6  ft. 

9'  r 

24'  9" 

32' 

isri\y2" 

19'  6/2" 

25,000 

II 

9'  9y2" 

8'11  J/z" 

6  ft. 

9'  3" 

24'  9"    !    32' 

19'  9^" 

19'll/2" 

28,500 

III 

10'  2y4n 

9'  9!/2" 

6  ft. 

9'10" 

24'  9" 

32' 

20'  2y4" 

20'  9i/>" 

32,000 

IV 

11'  5/2"|10'  7/2" 

7  ft. 

10'  4" 

24'  9"    i    32' 

21'  5//'|22'  7«/2" 

39,000 

V 

13'  3/2" 

12'  5/2" 

7  ft. 

11'  4" 

24,  9" 

32'          23'  3y2" 

24'  5^2" 

46,000 

VI 

14'  6y4" 

13'  3y2" 

7  ft. 

12'  6" 

25'  S" 

32'  9" 

24'  6y4" 

25'  3^2" 

53,000 

VII 

16'  4K"'15'  \y2" 

7  ft. 

13'  4" 

25'  8"       32'  9" 

26'  454" 

27'  l/2" 

59,000 

VIII 

17'  7y2"\\v  4y2" 

8  ft. 

14'  9" 

27'  4" 

34'  7" 

27'  7^" 

29'  4^" 

65,700 

IX 

18'10K"U7'  2y2" 

8  ft. 

15'  3"       27'  4" 

34'  7"    i?8'10^" 

30'  2y2" 

71,700 

THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


53 


Cooling  Capacity  of  Cooling  Towers* 


|*r» 

cxc  «- 

s^- 

bo8>£ 

a  c~ 
^o"^^ 

0    >><» 

°--.s 

Coding  Capacity 
in  Gallons  in 
24  hours  fur: 

«sl 
t-P  s 

8ST3S 

°itl 

Q,    O    3    0 
•*!    O    r.    0 

w 

Ammonia 
CONDE 

Steam 
NSERS 

I 
II 

III 

IV 
V 
VI 
VII 
VIII 
IX 

50,000 
75,000 
100,000 
150,000 
200,000 
250,000 
300,000 
400,000 
500,000 

100,000 

150,000 
200,000 
300,000 
400,000 
500,000 
600,000 
800,000 
1,000,000 

50 
75 
100 
150 
200 
250 
300 
400 
500 

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36"xl2"|140—  150|16    —20 

LOG  READINGS  OF  "ACME"  COOLING  TOWER. 

BY  B.  F.  HART. 


From  a  paper  read  before  the  American  Society  of  Refrigerating  Engineers. 

The  readings  shown  below  were  taken  at  the  Arnholt  &  Schaefer  Brew- 
ing Company's  plant,  Thirty-first  and  Thompson  streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
from  an  "Acme"  self-cooling  tower  measuring  14'  x  18'  x  35'  high. 

There  are  five  (5)  decks  of  spraying  pans  placed  7'  apart,  the  pan  surface 
on  the  top  deck  being  77  square  feet.  The  tower  was  designed  to  cool  250 
gallons  of  water  per  minute,  guarantee  being  to  reduce  the  water  to  80  de- 
grees F.  when  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  did  not  exceed  80  degrees 
F.  nor  the  relative  humidity  80  degrees. 

These  readings  show  observations  taken  daily  and  covering  the  months 
of  July,  August,  September  and  half  of  October  and  show  that  this  tower  was 
doing  excellent  work. 

The  tower  is  placed  on  an  exposed  corner  of  the  building,  directly  over: 


54  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


the  ammonia  condensers.  The  water  is  caught  by  a  concrete  collecting  pan 
lined  with  asphalt.  The  discharge  water  from  the  condensers  drops  to  a  3" 
American  Well  Works  belt-driven  centrifugal  pump,  the  pump  discharging  to 
the  top  of  the  tower,  a  point  65'  above  same.  The  horse-power  necessary  to 
run  this  pump  is  7.8.  The  cooling  tower,  therefore,  is  doing  its  work  and  a 
glance  at  the  results  show  that  the  average  temperature  of  the  water  leaving 
the  tower  throughout  the  month  of  July  was  79.1  degrees  F.,  during  August 
it  was  79.4  and  during  September  it  was  68.7  degrees,  so  that  this  plant  pro- 
duced an  ample  quantity  of  cold  water  throughout  the  heated  season  without 
the  use  of  fans  and  with  the  total  expense  of  operation  of  7.8  H.P.  per  hour 
for  driving  the  centrifugal  pump.  The  pump  in  this  case  was  placed  so  far 
below  the  condenser  for  the  reason  that  an  engine  was  available  at  that  point 
to  drive  it. 


DISCUSSION  ON  COOLING  TOWERS  AT   THE  MEETING  OF  THE 

A,  S.  R.  E.t  J906. 

EDGAR  I'KNNEY:  May  I  ask  the  capacity  of  the  tower  you  mention  per 
hour  ? 

B.  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.  :  Two  hundred  and  fifty  gallons  per  minute. 
EDGAR  PENNEY:  What  is  the  number  of  pounds  or  gallons  of  water  you 
lost  through  evaporation,  etc.  ? 

B.  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.  :  We  had  no  way  of  measuring  that,  because  we 
had  no  meters.  They  are  quite  expensive  things  to  put  in.  We  know  that  the 
only  water  lost  wras  from  evaporation,  and  such  as  might  sometimes  be  blown 
off  the  tower  in  the  form  of  spray. 

EDGAR  PENNEY  :  You  do  not  know  how  much  water  you  handled  ? 

B.  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.  :  We  know  from  our  figures  that  we  were  hand- 
ling from  two  hundred  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  gallons  per  minute. 

AI.HKRT  A.  GARY:  I  would  like  to  ask  Mr.  Hart  what  form  of  hygrom- 
eter was  used  in  those  tests? 

13.  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.:  A  wet  and  dry  bulb  hygrometer.  We  made 
the  calculations  from  the  table. 

\uiERT  A.  GARY:  Were  the  wet  and  dry  bulbs  placed  against  the  wall 
of  the  building? 

B.  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.  :  The  readings  were  taken  in  the  condenser  room 
where  it  was  all  open.  The  condensers  were  placed  on  what  had  formerly  been 
the  roof  of  the  building,  but  the  walls  had  been  carried  up  for  an  extension 
and  the  tower  placed  on  it.  The  roof  was  open,  except  for  the  tower,  and 
the  hygrometer  was  placed  so  it  was  handy  for  the  engineer. 

ALBERT  A.  GARY:  I  asked  the  question  with  the  point  in  view  that  the 
water  tower  depends  a  great  deal  upon  the  humidity  in  the  atmosphere;  that 
is  a  very  important  matter  in  obtaining  data  comvrning  efficiencies,  and  if  we 
wish  to  use  the  data  for  future  references,  it  is  very  necessary  for  us  to  know 
the  true  humidity  of  the  air.  The  ordinary  hygrometer  screwed  against  the 
•vail,  with  no  disturbance  of  air  surrounding  it.  does  not  give  true  readings. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  55 


The  Weather  Bureau  of  the  United  States  Government  found  that  to  be  true, 
and  they  use  an  instrument  which  I  think  they  call  a  psychrometer.  It  is  a 
wet  and  dry  bulb  placed  on  a  board,  and  when  made  to  revolve  rapidly  the 
dead  air  will  not  collect  around  the  bulb  as  of  an  ordinary  thermometer.  In 
reading  the  hygrometer  when  placed  against  the  wall,  I  found  that  it  is  well, 
if  you  have  no  better  conditions,  to  take  a  fan  and  fan  it  until  your  reading 
becomes  stationary.  You  will  then  find  a  change  of  reading  on  your  wet  bulb. 
If  it  can  be  placed  in  the  current  of  an  electric  fan,  then  you  get  much  better 
and  truer  results,  but  the  information  is  so  important  in  the  study  of  cooling 
towers  that  this  matter  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 

B.  FRANKLIN  HART:  As  Mr.  Gary  says,  the  relative  humidity  is  the  key 
to  the  whole  situation,  and  we  were  as  careful  as  we  could  be  in  ordinary 
practice.  Of  course,  it  was  simply  a  commercial  hygrometer  which  was  used, 
and  there  was  no  special  precaution  taken  in  the  way  of  testing  or  anything 
of  that  kind,  but,  as  he  says,  the  humidity  is  the  main  thing. 

JOHN  E.  STARR:  Another  experience  with  the  water  tower  is  in  regard 
t(>  the  precipitation  of  solids;  theoretically,  at  least,  the  efficiency  of  the  tower, 
of  course,  depends  on  evaporation.  The  water  so  evaporated  does  not,  of 
course,  carry  with  it  any  of  the  solids  that  may  have  been  in  suspension  in 
the  water.  Hence,  the  expectation  would  be  that,  in  course  of  time,  with  ad- 
ditions of  water,  the  water  being  cooled  would  become  rich  in  solids  in  suppres- 
sion. It  would  seem  that  the  solids  could  not  get  away  by  evaporation,  and 
hence  they  must  either  remain  in  the  water  or  be  deposited  in  the  piping  of 
the  apparatus.  I  suppose  that  in  an  open  condenser  this  feature  may  not 
be  a  very  bad  one,  but  in  the  enclosed  type  of  condenser,  or  perhaps  in  spiral 
piping,  it  might  be  worse,  and  I  would  like  to  knowr  if  Mr.  Hart  has  any  data 
on  this  subject,  or  whether  any  of  the  other  members  have  noted  any  bad 
effects  in  this  direction. 

B.  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.  :  Of  course,  as  Mr.  Starr  says,  the  deposits 
would  precipitate.  All  that  would  come  down  at  the  temperature  of  the  water, 
^ind  I  have  come  in  contact  with  cases  where  the  water  used  was  very  heavily 
laden  with  carbonates  of  lime  and  magnesia,  so  much  so  that  when  the  water 
was  used  solely  as  a  cooling  medium  the  precipitation  was  so  great  that  in  a 
few  months  it  filled  up  all  the  outlets  and  passages,  and  filled  up  the  sewers  so 
that  the  city  officials  complained.  The  tower  was  put  in  to  help  this.  In  this 
case  the  condenser  was  submerged,  so  that  the  only  annoyance  they  had  after 
the  tower  was  in  use,  that  they  had  to  sweep  the  tower  quite  often  to  get  rid 
of  the  small  accumulation  which  would  deposit  in  the  pans,  which  would  be 
due  to  the  make-up  water,  which  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  five  per  cent. ; 
but  the  deposit  on  the  pipes  in  the  submerged  condensers  was  very  great, 
and  it  had  to  be  pounded  off  every  once  in  a  while  to  keep  the  system  going. 
I  think  the  same  people  who  did  that  will,  in  another  installation,  have  to 
<ut  out  the  use  of  well  water  entirely  and  get  necessary  make-up  from  the 
city  main. 

HENRY  W.  MAURER:  The  instrument -that  Mr.  Gary  described  is  quite 
familiar  to  refrigerating  men,  and  you  will  probably  recognize  what  Mr.  Gary 
is  driving  at.  Possibly  in  ice  making  plants  no  occasion  is  had  to  use  a  psy- 
-dirotneter,  nevertheless,  the  device  has  been  on  the  market  a  good  many  years. 


56  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


and  has  been  found  very  efficient  for  exceedingly  close  determinations  of 
moisture,  which  you  are  aware,  of  course,  exists. 

THE  PRESIDENT  :  Perhaps  Mr.  Burhorn  will  give  us  a  word  or  two  on 
cooling  towers. 

EDWIN  BURHORN  :  I  have  not  as  good  a  test  plant  as  Mr.  Shipley  speaks 
about,  and  I  have  not  experimented  long  enough  to  be  able  to  present  anything 
that  I  think  would  be  interesting  to  the  society,  but  I  might  state  that  in  one 
of  the  tests  we  are  making  we  are  using  recording  thermometers,  which  re- 
cord the  temperature  of  the  water  going  through  the  tower,  and  coming  from 
the  tower  every  minute  of  the  twenty-four  hours.  Now,  in  Mr.  Hart's  tests 
I  do  not  know  how  often  he  took  his  readings,  but  the  conditions  vary  so  much 
during  the  day  that  it  is  quite  important  to  know  whether  the  readings  were 
taken  at  the  most  favorable  or  unfavorable  time  in  order  to  get  a  fair  average 
determination.  We  also  find  that  we  can  cool  the  water  from  a  high  tempera- 
ture, say  one  hundred  and  thirty  or  one  hundred  and  forty  degrees,  down  to 
atmospheric  temperature,  and  the  thermometric  cooling  depends  also  on  the 
way  the  tower  is  designed  to  a  great  extent;  that  is,  the  amount  of  water  dis- 
tributed per  square  foot  of  tower.  The  efficiency  also  varies  with  the  capacity 
of  the  tower.  A  small  tower  is  more  efficient  per  square  foot  than  a  large 
tower,  and  all  those  points  cannot  very  well  be  determined  theoretically.  It 
is  a  matter  of  practice,  and  we  are  trying  to  find  out  those  things,  and  as  soon 
as  we  get  it  in  shape  we  exject  to  present  it  to  the  society,  and  we  hope  it  will 
be  of  interest. 

E.  N.  FRIEDMANN  :  I  would  like  to  ask  a  question.  How  would  he  ar- 
range a  cooling  tower  in  the  case  where  an  ammonia  condenser  is  used,  and  a 
steam  or  surface  condenser,  where  the  temperature  would  be  one  hundred  and 
thirty  or  one  hundred  and  forty  degrees?  Would  he  use  one  or  two  cooling 
towers ;  one  for  the  ammonia  and  one  for  the  steam  condenser  ? 

B  FRANKLIN  HART,  JR.  :  In  answering  Mr.  Friedmann's  question  I  would 
state  that  we  have  found  that  the  results  are  better  in  each  case  if  a  separate 
tower  is  used  for  each  function.  The  fact  is,  the  water  for  the  ammonia 
condenser,  when  it  gets  much  above  eighty  degrees,  not  exceeding  eighty-five, 
the  efficiency  of  the  tower  goes  backward  very  fast,  whereas  for  steam  con- 
densing, under  known  vacuum  'conditions,  if  the  water  be  reduced  to  one 
hundred  degrees,  it  will  be  fairly  efficient.  The  conditions  of  temperature  are 
so  different  that  it  has  been  our  advice  to  buyers  to  use  two  towers,  one  tower 
for  each  part  of  the  work. 


DEEP  WELL  VERSUS  COOLING  TOWER. 


This  question  was  discussed  by  Alfred  Siebert  in  Ice  &  Refr.  as  follows: 

Two  very  important  questions  must  be  discussed  before  we  can  decide  the 

relative  advantages  of  deep  wells  and  cooling  towers.     They  are:  First,  cost 

or  amount  of  interest  and  deterioration  on  investment,  6  per  cent.  +  7  per 

cent.  =  13  per  cent.     Second.  Economy  in  coal  used.     I  give  herewith  a  table 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  57 


obtained  from  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Weather  Bu- 
reau, St.  Louis,  Mo.,  which  will  show  average  amount  of  humidity  and  av- 
erage temperature  during  the  hottest  months  of  1903  and  1904 : 

Date.  Av.  Temperature.         Av.  Humidity. 

Degrees.  Per  cent. 

July,    1903  80.8  60.7 

Aug.,    1903  76.4  70.7 

Sept.,    1903  69.6  76.0 

July,    1904 76.0  69.9 

Aug.,    1904  74.4  69.6 

Sept.,    1904  71.0  75.2  ? 


Average    74.7  70.3 

Temperature  of  well  water  is  seldom  below  62°,  and  since  average  tem- 
perature of  air  in  hot  weather  is  74.7°,  we  can  surely  cool  the  water  15°,  or 
to  59.7°  or  60°,  or  even  below  the  temperature  of  the  well  water  on  the 
average.  But  of  course  in  rainy  and  warm  weather  we  can  not  cool  water  be- 
low temperature  of  the  air  in  the  shade,  but  such  days  are  rare,  and  we  can 
get  two  or  three  times  the  amount  of  water  by  furnishing  a  larger  tower,  while 
well  capacity  is  generally  limited.  Using  twice  the  amount  of  water,  the 
water  will  be  heated  only  7^°  instead  of  15°,  and  temperature  of  liquid  and 
condensing  pressure  considerably  lower,  liquid  temperature  7J^°  lower,  and 
condensing  pressure  as  many  pounds  as  correspond  to  the  condensing  pressure 
then  prevailing.  Since  a  75-ton  ice  plant  requires  300,000  gallons  of  water  per 
ciay,  it  would  require  an  addition  of  8  per  cent,  of  300,000  =  24,000  gallons 
per  day  from  either  city  or  well  to  make  up  for  evaporation. 

As  to  first  expense,  300,000  gallons  capacity  per  minute,  including 
water  distributing  device,  costs  about  $1,500;  300,000  centrifugal  pump  lift- 
ing water  forty-five  feet  high,  $45;  water  connections  about  $200;  founda- 
tion about  $300 ;  or  a  total  of  $2,045. 

The  cost  of  well  and  pump,  capacity  300,000  gallons,  is  for  drilling  10- 
inch  tubular  wells,  including  black  pipe  casing,  lumber  for  derrick,  labor, 
freight,  etc.,  $5  .25  per  foot,  per  well,  or  $525 ;  deep  well  pumps,-  12  x  36,  with 
steam  end  fitted  for  ten-inch  well  and  six-inch  discharge  pipe,  one  10xG6-inch 
plain  brass  working  barrel  and  valves  complete,  thirty-six  inch  stroke,  one 
ten-inch  gum  packer  with  brass  attached  for  fastening  working  barrel  in  posi- 
tion ;»100  feet  3^2-inch  ash  woo4  pump  rod.  complete  with  1^-inch  straight 
pin  and  box ;  one  No.  3  air  chamber  with  six-inch  discharge,  check  valve  com- 
bined ;  one  ten-inch  patent  brass  tube  well  strainer  twenty  feet  long — total  cost 
for  all  these,  $695 ;  cost  of  connections  about  $200,  and  for  steam  and  exhaust 
connections,  $300,  or  a  grand  total  of  $1,720. 

Now  as  to  consumption  of  coal  for  operation :  Blower  of  cooling  tower 
requires,  with  three-inch  water  pressure,  twelve-horse  power;,  centrifugal 
pumps,  208  gallons  per  minute,  3.8  horse-power;  a  total  of  15  .8  horse-power. 

The  deep  well  has  to  lift  the  water  100  feet,  and  to  discharge  it  forty- 
five  feet  high,  water  needs  to  be  raised  only  from  ground  floor  to  top  of  am- 
monia condenser  in  a  cooling  tower  plant,  then  it  is  raised  from,  condenser 
pan  to  top  of  cooling  tower  tank,  in  all  only  forty-five  feet.  The  power  re- 
quired for  this,  including  friction  in  pipes,  is  7 . 62  horse-power ;  by  figuring 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


a  loss  of  15  per  cent,  in  loss  of  efficiency,  from  dynamo  to  motor,  we  have,  in 
round  figures,  nine  horse-power.  However,  if  direct  acting  steam  pumps  are 
used,  water  rate  per  horse  power  is  increased  as  32  is  to  125,  or  about  four 
times,  therefore  power  would  cost  4  X  9  ==  36  horse-power,  considering  the 
boiler  horse-power,  and  therefore  coal  consumption  for  deep  well  pump  would 
<l>e  twice  as  much  as  that  for  cooling  tower. 

This  shows,  in  my  opinion  conclusively,  that  considering  the  risk  we 
take  in  drilling  wells,  and  that  we  may  perhaps  get  no  water  at  all,  or  bad 
water,  or  not  enough,  it  is  well  to  dig  just  one  well,  because  in  ice  plants,  well 
water  at,  say,  C2°,  effects  a  great  saving  in  capacity,  and  ice  making  capacity, 
especially  in  rainy,  warm  weather  when  using  cooling  tower.  We  have  two 
items  of  saving:  First,  the  cooling  of  the  liquid  after  it  leaves  ammonia  con- 
densers, and  before  it  evaporates ;  second,  the  cooling  of  the  condensed  water 
before  it  enters  cans.  Three  hundred  thousand  gallons  of  water  are  sufficient  for 
a  seventy-five  ton  ice  plant.  This  means  that  80  X  2,000  =  160,000  pounds 
of  condensed  water  must  be  cooled,  say,  from  90°  to  65°;  90°  being  temper- 
ature of  water  coming  from  cooling  tower  in  rainy  weather,  90°  temperature 
of  air,  and  62°  being  temperature  of  well  water,  therefore  28°  can  be  taken 
•out  by  well  water  if  proper  heat  exchange  is  used.  This  will  require  only 
about  10  per  cent,  more  well  water  than  condensed  water  to  be  cooled,  or 
16,000  +  10  Per  cent-  ==  2,000  gallons  per  day.  Each  ton  of  ice  made  re- 
quires about  1,200  pounds  of  liquid  to  be  cooled,  therefore  a  seventy-five  ton 
plant  requires  90,000  pounds;  this  again  being  cooled  under  the  same  condi- 
tion as  above,  requires  10  per  cent,  more  well  water  than  liquid  circulated,  or 
90,000  +  10  per  cent.  =  99,000  pounds  =  =  12,000  gallons  per  day. 

Boiler  would  require,  if  highest  economic  plant  is  used,  just  as  much 
steam  as  there  is  ice  made  plus  10  per  cent,  allowance  for  waste,  or  75  X 
2,000  +10  per  cent.,  or  same  as  condensed  water.  Two  thousand  gallons 
evaporation  on  tower  is  about  8  per  cent;  eight-hundredths  of  300,000  ==  24,- 
000  gallons,  must  be  furnished  by  the  pump,  or  the  total  of  2,000  +  12,000  + 
2,000  +  24,000,  or  40,000  gallons.  He  said  it  would  be  advisable  to  dig  at 
least  one  well  and  to  take  the  risk  of  throwing  money  away,  and  then  when 
assured  that  sufficient  water,  and  of  the  proper  purity  and  temperature  can 
be  had,  to  use  deep  well  pumps,  operated  by  electric  motors  and  dynamos.  Of 
course,  if  this  extra  quantity  of  40,000  gallons  could  be  bought  cheaper  from 
z:  neighbor  or  the  city,  then  no  deep  well  pumps  would  be  required. 

The  increase  in  capacity  of  this  plant  ill  using  well  water  for  the  above 
mentioned  use  of  well  water  can  be  ascertained.  Latent  heat  is  488  th.u.  at 
218  pounds  condensing  pressure,  which  pressure  will  be  obtained  when  water 
enters  condenser  gutter,  at  90°  liquid  leaves,  then  at  105°  (15°  taken  up), 
while  if  liquid  is  cooled  to  65°  the  amount  of  heat  needed  to  cool  the  liquid  it- 
self is  reduced.  Assuming  twenty-seven  pounds  suction  pressure  and  14° 
temperature  of  evaporation,  then  105  --  65  =  =  40  th.u.  is  abstracted,  and  the 
amount  of  work  of  each  pound* of  liquid  is  increased  in  proportion,  as  488  — 
105:488-  r,:,  =  383  :  423,  or  383  X  1-"'  =  100  X  X;  X  =  -  423  X  100  + 
383  =  =  11  per  cent. 

Now  as  to  the  cooling  of  the  condensed  water,  we  cooled  this  from  90° 
10  f(.V\  Heat  required  to  make  one  pound  of  ice  is  284  th.u.  Therefore  90  - 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


65  =  25° ;  or  25  -=-  284  =  1-llth,  or  9  per  cent,  saving  in  heat  absorbing 
capacity  of  freezing  coils. 


ATMOSPHERIC  CONDENSATION  VERSUS  COOLING  TOWER. 


At  the  Southwestern  Ice  Manufacturers'  Convention  at  Houston,  Tex., 
1905,  Mr.  M.  F.  Smith  read  a  paper  as  follows : 

In  refrigerating  plants  it  is  the  duty  of  the  condensers  to  dispel  the  lat- 
ent heat  taken  up  by  the  ammonia  in  the  cooling  rooms  or  ice  freezing  tanks 
The  customary  vehicle  used  to  carry  off  this  heat  is  water.  In  localities  where 
a  copious  supply  of  water  is  obtainable  it  may  be  passed  over  the  condensers, 
where  it  absorbs  the  heat  and  passes  off  to  the  sewer. 

Since  the  introduction  of  cooling  towers  to  relieve  this  circulating  water 
of  the  latent  heat  which  it  carries,  many  plants  have  been  installed  where  the 
water  supply  is  limited,  the  customary  plan  being  to  pass  the  water  first  over 
the  ammonia  condenser,  then  over  the  steam  condenser,  after  which  it  is  car- 
ried to  the  cooling  tower  to  dispel  the  heat  emitted  by  both  condensers. 

We  have  on  exhibition  in  this  city  a  small  working  model  of  a  new  steam 
condenser,  which  utilizes  the  cooling  properties  of  saturating  air  instead  of  a 
large  volume  of  cool  water  as  a  cooling  agent. 

The  condenser  proper  consists  of  a  series  of  galvanized  steel  flasks,, 
mounted  in  a  housing  which  acts  as  a  flue,  being  without  roof  or  floor.  The 
flasks  are  made  in  such  size  as  the  capacity  and  conditions  of  the  plant  may 
require  and  are  constructed  with  internal  horizontal  partitions,  which  bound 
a  continual  fore  and  aft  course  for  the  steam  from  the  inlet  at  a  lower  corner 
to  the  outlet  at  an  upper  corner.  Each  flask  is  equipped  with  a  gutter  at  the 
top,  which  is  accurately  adjustable  and  may  be  set  perfectly  level  to  overflow 
in  a  thin  film  over  both  sides  of  the  flask  the  entire  length  of  the  gutter. 

The  circulating  water  is  fed  into  this  gutter  and  passes  in  a  thin  sheet 
over  the  outer  surface  of  the  flask,  keeping  its  entire  outer  surface  thoroughly 
wetted  down,  dropping  from  its  lower  edges  into  a  catch-basin,  from  which 
it  is  returned  to  the  supply  tank,  to  be  again  pumped  over  the  flasks.  Thus 
this  water  is  used  over  again  and  again,  the  only  loss  being  that  which  vapor- 
izes from  the  wet  flasks  and  passes  into  the  atmosphere,  carrying  off  the  heat, 
never  exceeding  50  per  cent,  of  the  weight  of  the  steam  condensed. 

The  condensing  steam  is  inside  the  flasks.  Entering  at  a  lower  corner, 
it  travels  in  a  winding  course  from  bottom  to  top,  pushing  the  non-condensable 
gases  before  it  to  an  upper  corner,  where  they  issue  into  the  atmosphere.  The 
condensation  water,  freed  of  these  gases,  passes  off  from  an  outlet  at  the 
bottom. 

The  advantages  to  be  gained  by  this  atmospheric  system  of  steam  con- 
densation are :  Reduced  water  consumption,  as  there  is  no  loss  of  circulating 
water,  except  that  which  vaporizes  from  the  wet  flasks,  carrying  off  the  heat. 
Reduced  ammonia  pressure,  as  this  condenser  relieves  the  cooling  tower  of 
the  duty  of  dispelling  the  heat  from  the  condensing  steam,  which  is  four 


60  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


times  greater  than  that  from  the  condensing  ammonia,  so  that  the  cooling 
tower  is  able  to  perform  its  greatly  reduced  duty  at  a  much  lower  temperature, 
reducing  the  ammonia  pressume  correspondingly  and  resulting  in  a  gratify- 
ing effect  upon  the  coal  consumption,  a  better  and  more  marketable  cake  of 
ice,  as  by  this  system  the  gases  which  form  the  core  in  the  ice  cake  are  en- 
tirely expelled  from  the  condensation  water  which  passes  from  the  condens- 
ing flask  absolutely  free  of  gas,  practically  eliminating  the  core  in  the  ice. 

The  circulating  water  passing  over  the  flasks  deposits  its  scale  upon  their 
outer  surfaces,  from  which  it  can  easily  be  removed  without  loss  of  time,  and 
becomes  a  most  desirable  boiler  feed,  dispensing  with  the  expense  and  trouble 
of  frequently  cleaning  the  boilers. 

Each  flask  acts  independently  of  the  others,  and  when  it  is  desirable  to 
remove  the  scale  from  the  surface  each  can  in  turn  be  shut  out  of  service,  when 
the  scale  immediataely  dries  out,  cracks,  and  the  edges  of  the  pieces  curl  so  that 
a  light  tap  of  a  mallet  brings  it  down  in  a  shower. 

We  also  have  an  ammonia  condenser  which  utilizes  the  cooling  properties 
of  saturating  air.  This  consists  of  a  housing  built  over  and  about  an  ordinary 
pipe  ammonia  condenser,  which,  by  virtue  of  construction  and  position,  takes 
advantage  of  the  prevailing  winds.  In  the  top  of  the  housing  there  are  open- 
ings over  each  coil,  in  which  are  set  gutters,  accurately  adjustable,  that  may 
be  leveled  to  overflow  evenly  over  the  entire  length  of  the  coil. 

For  emergency  purposes  a  disk  fan  is  mounted  in  the  north  end.  On 
each  side  of  this  fan,  also  in  the  north  end,  are  doors,  which  are  regulated  to 
stand  at  any  angle  desired.  The  south  end  consists  of  doors  similarly  regu- 
lated. 

When  the  wind  is  in  the  south  the  south  doors  are  opened  wide  and  the 
north  doors  just  enough  to  allow  a  draft  of  about  150  feet  per  minute  to  pass 
through,  making  a  breeze  which  is  a  little  more  than  perceptible,  but  not  suffi- 
cient to  blow  the  circulating  water  away  from  the  coils.  With  a  north  wind 
the  north  doors  are  opened  wide  and  the  south  doors  adjusted  with  discre- 
tion. In  case  of  a  calm  or  an  east  or  west  wind  the  fan  is  brought  into  action. 
This  will  probably  be  less  than  half  the  time  and  will  require  about  1-10 
horsepower  per  ton  of  refrigeration. 

The  other  current  expense  would  be : 

Water  from  some  outside  source  to  make  good  the  atmospheric  vapor- 
ization, amounting  to  less  than  fifty  gallons  per  daily  T.  R.,  and  the  power 
required  to  run  the  circulating  pump,  raising  less  than  three-fourths  gallon 
per  minute  per  T.  R.  from  the  catch-tank  to  the  gutters  above  the  flasks.  The 
installation  of  this  condenser  does  away  with  the  necessity  of  a  cooling  tower, 
as  the  circulating  water  is  pumped  directly  from  the  catch-tank  to  the  gutters, 
to  again  pass  over  the  condensing  coils. 

We  also  have  a  power  and  pressure  regulator,  to  be  attached  to  the  en- 
gine driving  the  compressor,  by  means  of  which  the  speed  of  the  engine  is 
governed  automatically  by  the  increased  or  decreased  demands  of  the  plant. 

Under  conditions  now  in  common  use  the  speed  of  the  engine  is  constant, 
while  the  temperature  and  pressure  in  the  expansion  coils  varies  with  the 
changing  demands  of  the  plant  for  refrigerative  duty. 

For  instance,  in  case,  in  a  cold  storage  plant,  one  chamber  is  emptied  of 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  61 


cool  goods  and  at  once  refilled  with  goods  at  normal  summer  temperature, 
the  temperature  surrounding  the  coils  immediately  rises,  resulting  in  increased 
temperature  and  pressure  in  the  expansion  coils.  When  the  engineer  notes  on 
his  gauge  this  increased  demand  he  speeds  up  his  engine  to  such  an  extent  as 
he  thinks  sufficient  to  take  up  the  increased  volume  of  vaporization  thus  form- 
ing. He  can  not  be  sure  that  he  is  getting  just  enough  speed  for  this  purpose 
without  wasting  power,  and  his  action  is  likely  to  be  tardy.  Meantime  the 
temperature  has  gong  up,  not  only  in  the  chamber  undergoing  changed  condi- 
tions, but  in  all  the  other  chambers  in  the  house.  In  the  case  of  delicate  ar- 
ticles this  might  result  in  serious  deterioration. 

The  construction  of  this  power  and  pressure  regulator  is  such  that  the 
moment  there  is  an  increase  in  demand  for  refrigerative  duty  the  balancing 
lever  is  at  once  affected,  which  in  turn  acts  on  the  governor  of  the  engine, 
increasing  the  speed  just  sufficient  to  take  up  the  increased  vaporization  with- 
out loss  of  power.  In  the  meantime  the  pressure  in  the  expansion  coils  has 
not  been  increased  more  than  one-half  of  a  pound  and  the  temperature  has 
been  maintained  within  three-quarters  of  one  degree. 


UNDER  WHAT  CONDITIONS  DOES  IT  PAY  TO  USE  A  COOLING 

TOWER? 


This  topic  was  discussed  at  the  meeting  of  the  A.  S.  R.  E.,  1905,  and 
opened  by  Mr.  Morris,  as  follows : 

I  did  not  come  here  for  the  purpose  of  having  anything  to  say  in  this 
meeting,  but  more  for  the  purpose  of  listening  and  possibly  learning.  The 
subject  of  cooling  towers,  however,  is  a  most  important  one  in  my  section 
of  the  country,  because  the  temperature  of  the  atmosphere  is  high,  much 
hotter  than  it  is  through  this  section  of  the  country,  and  water,  especially 
good  water,  is  hard  to  get.  So  the  question  of  cooling  the  water  and  using 
it  over  again  becomes  a  very  serious  and  a  very  important  one  in  the  refrig- 
erating line,  and  we  have  had  to  use  cooling  towers  in  many  sections. 

The  most  of  the  ice  plants  in  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Texas, 
especially  in  Texas  and  Mexico,  are  compelled,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  water, 
to  use  cooling  towers  of  some  sort.  There  are  hardly  any  places  in  our  sec- 
tion of  the  country — hardly  any  localities — where  it  would  not  pay  to  put  in 
cooling  towers,  in  fact,  cooling  towers  ought  to  be  used  throughout  that  coun- 
try almost  universally,  and  my  own  experience  is  that  it  is  a  good  plan- to  use 
two  cooling  towers,  taking  the  hot  water  from  the  steam  condenser  and  cool- 
ing it,  and  have  a  separate  tower  for  cooling  the  water  from  the  ammonia 
condensers.  By  doing  this  we  get  colder  water  for  the  ammonia  condensers 
and  get  it  with  a  smaller  power,  it  requires  less  power  for  forcing  the  air 
through  it. 

As  a  rule,  we  use  cooling  towers  in  that  section  with  fans.  Take,  for 
instance,  a  50-ton  plant  and  we  use  a  cooling  tower  that  will  require  possibly 
six  horsepower  to  operate  the  fans.  In  some  cases  two  towers  are  built  side 


62  THE    ENGINEERS'    LIST. 


by  side  with  an  engine  directly  connected  to  line  shaft,  with  a  fan  on  each 
end  of  the  shaft — center  crank  engine  with  a  fan  on  each  end  of  the  shaft — 
one  fan  for  the  hot  water  tower  from  the  steam  condensers  and  the  other  for 
the  cool  water  from  the  ammonia  condensers. 

To  show  you  the  value  of  cooling  towers,  especially  of  one  such  as  I  have 
just  mentioned,  I  know  of  a  30-ton  plant  in  Texas  where  the  great  trouble 
was  to  get  sufficient  cooling  water.  They  had  to  depend  on  an  artesian  well 
about  700  feet  deep.  It  was  pumped  by  an  air  compressor  and  it  was  hard  to 
get  sufficient  water  from  this  well  to  operate  the  plant.  Finally  they  put  in 
cooling  towers,  taking  the  hot  water  from  the  steam  condenser  through  one 
tower  and  the  cooler  water  from  the  ammonia  condenser  through  the  other. 
They  have  since  increased  the  capacity  of  the  plant  by  putting  in  another 
60-ton  machine,  and  since  putting  in  these  towers  they  have  sufficient  water 
to  run  the  increased  plant,  whereas  before  they  hardly  had  enough  to  get 
along  with  a  35-ton  capacity. 

In  many  places  in  Texas  we  have  to  go  from  1,000  to  3,000  feet  deep  to 
get  water,  and  where  it  is  a  question  of  spending  $5,000,  say,  on  a  deep  well, 
the  cooling  tower  comes  in,  and  often  it  is  good  business  to  put  in  a  cooling 
tower  rather  than  bore  additional  expensive  wells.  I  do  not  know  what  value 
the  cooling  tower  would  have  in  this  section,  I  do  know  that  we  can  not  get 
along  without  it  in  the  Southwest. 

THE  PRESIDENT:  Is  it  not  true  that  in  Texas,  as  a  rule,  the  air  is  much 
drier  than  in  sections  perhaps  further  north  and  east,  and  that  a  tower  for  that 
reason  is  more  effective  in  your  climate? 

MR.  MORRIS  :  That  may  possibly  be.  I  can  only  speak  of  the  efficiency 
of  the  cooling  tower  in  my  own  section,  and  I  say  again  that  we  could  not  get 
along  without  them  in  the  Southwest. 

MR.  GARY  :  I  think  with  respect  to  these  cooling  towers  that  they  are 
most  successful  and  generally  in  use  in  sections  where  they  have  a  great  scar- 
city of  water,  or  where  water  has  to  be  purchased  for  cooling  the  condenser, 
or  where  water  is  so  bad  as  to  pile  up  a  deposit  so  as  almost  to  insulate  the 
condensers  from  the  cooling  effects  of  the  water.  I  think  under  those  three 
heads  the  cooling  tower  would  be  a  good  investment. 

THE  PRESIDENT  :  I  would  like  to  hear  from  some  gentleman  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  concentration  of  a  solid  in  the  water.  Possibly  Mr.  Burhorn  might 
throw  some  light  on  that  subject. 

Mr.  Burhorn  replied  as  follows: 

It. is  like  using  water  in  a  boiler.  The  evaporation  leaves  a  certain  per- 
centage of  solids,  and  that  has  to  be  blown  out  at  intervals.  In  the  cooling 
tower  it  is  practically  the  same  thing.  We  might  sum  up  the  whole  matter 
more  as  a  financial  proposition  than  anything  else.  In  this  part  of  the  country 
water  is  expensive,  in  large  plants  especially.  I  know  of  one  case 'in  Wash- 
ington where  the  cost  of  the  water  is  about  $5,000  a  year.  With  a  cooling 
tower  we  can  save  about  00  per  cent,  of  that  cost;  and  that  will  soon  pay  the 
total  cost  of  the  tower.  We  have  a  tower  put  up  in  New  York  City  that  paid 
the  first  cost  in  the  first  year.  It  seems  to  me  that  it  is  better  than  a  gold  min- 


CALIF 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  63 

ing  proposition  in  a  great  many  cases.  The  returns  certainly  pay  more  for 
the  investment. 

The  idea  of  using  two  towers  I  think  is  a  good  one,  the  difficulty  in  a 
good  many 'cases  being  that  where  the  water  is  used  on  steam  condensers,  the 
temperature  is  so  high  that  it  can  not  be  used  in  one  tower  to  sufficient  ad- 
vantage. In  Philadelphia  where  we  use  two  towers,  the  conditions  are  fav- 
orable for  this  particular  installation.  The  water  runs  from  the  condensers 
into  one  tower,  which  reduces  the  temperature  to  below  100,  and  then  it  is 
pumped  to  another  tower  placed  directly  over  the  condensers.  This  tower 
reduces  the  temperature  so  that  it  is  practically  the  same  as  city  water  for  the 
use  of  the  ammonia  condenser. 

MR.  VOORHEES:  I  think  the  question  of  cool  water  is  most  important. 
On  any  ice  plant  or  for  refrigerating  or  cold  storage  purposes  I  think  it 
should  be  given  first  consideration.  The  question  of  whether  you  should  use 
a  cooling  tower  on  the  water  at  your  command  is  one  of  the  very  first  ques- 
tions that  should  be  passed  on  before  you  go  to  the  expense  of  erecting  your 
plant.  I  think  this  is  the  cause  of  more  plants  falling  down  than  any  other. 

MR.  HAVEN  :  I  want  to  know  whether  any  one  has  observed  bad  results 
from  the  oxidization  of  pipes  ?  We  do  not  see  any  bad  effects  upon  our  pipes. 
They  are  practically  as  good  as  ever  then. 

MR.  GARY:  The  only  time  when  water  will  have  an  oxidizing  effect  is 
when  heat  is  applied  to  drive  the  air  out.  Take  a  glass  of  water  and  set  it  in 
the  sun,  and  very  soon  the  sides  of  that  glass  will  be  coated  with  little  bubbles 
of  air.  That  is  quite  different  from  atmospheric  air.  I  find  from  investigating 
work  that  the  air,  when  it  dissolves  on  account  of  the  greater  solubility  of  the 
oxygen,  becomes  about  one  part  of  oxygen  to  1.87  parts  of  nitrogen.  The  con- 
sequence is  that  the  oxygen  is  much  more  active  and  much  stronger  than  it  is 
under  atmospheric  conditions.  Temperature  has  a  considerable  influence.  At 
a  proper  temperature  it  will  act  very  rapidly  and  oxidize.  A  slight  heating  is 
necessary,  and  where  a  large  volume  of  water  is  collected  and  held,  the  air  will 
separate  out  and  concentrate  on  different  points  and  pitting  will  take  place.  If 
the  water  is  in  motion  there  is  much  less  danger  of  that  effect  than  with  water 
standing  comparatively  stationary. 

MR.  MATTHEWS  :  I  would  like  to  ask  whether  this  oxidization  is  centered 
or  over  the  entire  surface. 

MR.  GARY  :  The  oxidization  occurs  by  the  little  molecules  collecting  on 
one  point  and  remaining  there.  If  the  water  is  in  motion  it  sweeps  them  away. 
In  a  boiler  you  will  find  pitting  occurs  where  the  water  collects  and  in  pipes 
where  the  water  remains  quiet ;  but  where  the  steam  is  rapidly  sweeping  these 
bubbles  away  on  the  metallic  surface,  you  will  find  little  trouble  from  pitting. 


THE  WATTMETER. — The  wattmeter  is  generally  a  small  motor  which  is 
connected  to  gears  and  on  the  gears  are  hands  which  indicate  on  dials  the 
number  of  watt-hours  of  current  passing  through  the  circuit.  The  field  mag- 
netism is  supplied  by  two  coils  of  wire  enclosing  the  armature. 


64 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


The     Continuous     Use     of     Condensing 
Water. 

Kent  quotes  as  follows  from  a  series  of 
articles  published  in  Power: 

In  San  Francisco,  J.  N.  Stub  cools  the 
water  after  it  has  left  the  hot  well  by  means 
of  a  system  of  pans  upon  the  roof.  These 
pans  are  shallow  troughs  of  galvanized  iron 
arranged  in  tiers,  on  a  slight  incline,  so 
that  the  water  flows  back  and  forth  for 
1,500  or  2,000  feet  cooling  by  evaporation 
and  radiation  as  it  flows.  The  fans  are 
about  5  feet  in  width,  and  the  water  as  it 
flows  has  a  depth  of  about  half  an  inch, 
the  temperature  being  reduced  from  about 
140°  to  90°.  The  water  from  the  hot  well 
is  pumped  up  to  the  highest  point  of  the 


cooling  system  and  allowed  to  flow  as  above 
described,  discharging  finally  into  the  main 
tank  or  reservoir,  whence  it  again  flows  to 
the  condenser  as  required.  As  the  water 
in  the  reservoir  lowers  frorn  evaporation, 
an  auxiliary  feed  from  the  city  mains  to 
the  condenser  is  operated,  thereby  keeping 
the  amount  of  water  in  circulation  practi- 
cally constant.  An  accumulation  of  oil 
from  the  engines,  with  dust  from  the  sur- 
rounding streets  makes  a  cleaning  neces- 
sary about  once  in  six  weeks  or  two  months. 
It  is  found  by  comparative  trials,  running 
condensing  and  non-condensing,  that  about 
50  per  cent,  less  water  is  taken  from  the 
city  mains  when  the  whole  apparatus  is  in 
use  than  when  the  engine  is  run  non-con- 
densing. 22  to  23  in.  of  vacuum  are  main- 
tained. A  better  vacuum  is  obtained  on  a 
warm  day  with  a  brisk  breeze  blowing  than 
on  a  cold  day  with  but  a  slight  movement 
of  the  air. 

In  another  plant  the  water  from  the  hot 
well  is  sprayed  from  a  number  of  fountains, 
and  also  from  a  pipe  extending  around  its 
border,  into  a  large  pond,  the  exposure 
cooling  it  sufficiently  for  the  obtaining  of  a 
good  vacuum  by  its  continuous  use. 

In  the  system  patented  by  Messrs.  See,  of 
Tulle,  France,  the  water  is  discharged  from 
a  pipe  laid  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  and 
elevated  above  a  pond  through  a  series  of 
special  nozzles,  by  which  it  is  projected  into 
a  fine  spray.  On  coming  into  contact  with 
the  air  in  this  state  of  extreme  division  the 
water  is  cooled  40°  or  50°,  with  a  loss  of 
evaporation  of  only  one-tenth  of  its  mass, 
and  produces  an  excellent  vacuum.  A  3,000 
H.P.  cooler  upon  this  system  has  been 
erected  at  Lannoy,  one  of  2,500  H.P.  at 
Madrid  and  one  of  1,200  H.P.  at  Liege,  as 
well  as  others  at  Roubaix  and  Tourcoing. 
The  system  could  be  used  upon  a  roof  if 
ground  space  were  limited.  In  the  evapo- 
rative condenser  of  T.  Ledwards  Co.,  of 
Brockley,  London,  the  water  trickles  over 
the  pipes  of  the  large  condenser  or  radi- 
ator, and  by  evaporation  carries  away  the 
heat  necessary  to  be  abstracted  to  con- 
dense the  steam  inside.  The  condensing 
pipes  are  fitted  with  corrugations  mounted 
with  circular  ribs,  whereby  the  radiating  or 
cooling  surface  is  largely  increased.  The 
pipes  which  are  cast  in  sections  about  76 
in.  long  by  3^  in.  bore,  have  a  cooling  sur- 
face of  26  sq.  ft.,  which  is  found  sufficient 
under  favorable  conditions  to  permit  of 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  65 


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THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


condensation  of  20  to  30  Ibs.  of  steam  per 
hour  when  producing  a  vacuum  of  13  Ibs. 
per  sq.  in.  In  a  condenser  of  this  type  at 
Rixdorf,  near  Berlin,  a  vacuum  ranging 
from  24  to  26  in.  of  mercury  was  constantly 
maintained  during  the  hottest  weather  of 
August.  The  initial  temperature  of  cool- 
ing water  used  in  the  apparatus  under  no- 
tice ranged  80°  to  85°  F.,  and  the  tem- 
perature in  the  sun,  to  which  the  condenser 
was  exposed,  varied  each  day  from  100* 
to  115°  F. 

During  the  experiments  it  was  found  that 
it  was  possible  to  run  one  engine  under  a 
load  of  100  horse  power  and  maintain  the 
full  vacuum  without  the  use  of  any  cooling 
water  at  all  on  the  pipes,  radiation  afforded 
by  the  pipes  alone  sufficing  to  condense  the 
steam  for  this  power. 


Does  It  Pay  to  Install  Cooling  Towers 
in  Small  Plants? 

This  question  came  up  at  the  American 
Warehousemen's  Convention,  1905,  as  fol- 
lows: 

MR.  READ:  In  regard  to  water  towers,  is 
it  true  that  water  towers  can  only  be  used 
economically  by  plants  of  considerable  size? 
We  have  a  small  plant  and  have  trouble 
with  water.  Our  water  here  in  the  city  of 
Washington  in  the  summer  time  is  at  a 
temperature  of  from  85°  to  90°  F.,  and  we 
have  been  advised  by  engineers  that  we 
could  not  use  a  water  tower  with  our  small 
plant. 

MR.  STARR:  It  seems  to  me  that 'if  you 
could  find  room  on  the  roof,  where  you  can 
get  plenty  of  atmospheric  power  over  a 
large  area  of  surface,  that  is  at  all  times 
exposed  to  the  natural  circulation  of  air,  it 
would  work  just  as  well  in  a  small  plant  as 
in  a  large  one.  There  are  a  large  number 
of  very  effective  water  towers  made  which 
are  supplied  with  air  from  fans  and  the 
cost  of  running  those  fans  is  considerable. 
Of  course,  the  fans  need  not  be  run  the 
year  around.  You  will  have  to  use  them  all 
through  the  summer.  The  cost  of  hand- 
ling large  quantities  of  air  is  quite  consid- 
erable, but  at  the  same  time  I  should  say 
that  any  good  type  of  water  tower  could 
be  used,  either  in  a  large  plant  or  in  a  small 
one.  In  a  small  plant  there  is  a  smaller 
amount  of  water  and  a  smaller  amount  of 
air  required,  and  I  can  not  see  any  objec- 


Index  to  Advertisers. 


Page. 

Audel  &  Co 67 

Begg,  James  &  Co 90 

Borne,   Scrymser  &  Co 93 

HOI-IMS     Chan.     A 80 

Rroflerick  &   Bascom    I  lope  Co <7 

Bushnell.  John  S 1* 

Collins.    II 73 

Canfleld,   H.   0 4 

Christ.    A.   G 65 

Cold   Storage    77 

Cook's    Son's.    Adam    82 

J.   A.   Donnelly  77 

Davidson    Pump   Co 1 

Dearborn  Drug  &  Chemical  Works. 

Inside  front  cover 

Dinger,   Chas.   &   Son    84 

Emergency    Engineering    Co 73 

Empire   State   Engineering  Co 5 

Engineer.    The    | 

Fox,    Benjamin    18 

Fogarty.    Michael     1 

Fox  &   Son,    Geo lo 

General  Electric  Co Front  cover  outside 

Garlock   Packing  Co 12 

Griswold    &    Shepherd    65 

Gueth,    Oswald    71 

Hazard    Manufacturing   Co 7o 

J.    L.    Humbert         18 

Inventor     1$ 

Jenkins    Bros **• 

Jenkins  Bros.   . Back  cover  outside 

Johns-Manville  Co 69 

Keasbey.    Robert   A 69 

Kelley,  Benj.  F.  &  Son   4 

Kieley  &  Muller Front  cover  outside 

Lndew.    Edward   R 71 

Lallier    &    Co 84 

Leschen   &   Sons    65 

Lippincott  Specialty  Co 16 

Love.  W.  &  G.  W 93 

McGill,  G.   L 73 

McGraw   Publishing   Co § 

McKean   Sons,   William    60 

McLeod  &  Henry   15 

T.    R.    McMnnn    Son    69 

MoXnb  &   H.-irl.in    M:inuf:u-ruring  Co 13 

Marine   Engineers'   Exchange,   The    73 

Miller,  Joseph    88 

Montgomery,    James    e4 

Newburprh  Steam  Boiler  Works   5 

New   Knjrhind    Onito  Co .11 

New  York  Grate  Bar  Co 88 

D.   M.   NiehoN  Iron   Works 65 

Ostrander,  W.  R.  &  Co 73 

Fred'k     Page 78 

Penberthy    Ini^ctor  Co bl 

Phenix  Grate  Bar  Co 91 

Prentiss   Clock    Co 77 

Pul ver.  Peter  &  Sons   »2 

Revere   Rubber  Co *1 

Robertson    &   Sons    I'i'I? 

Roberts.  Geo.  T.  &  Bros.   (Inc.)    1-3-94 

Salamander  Grate  Bar  Co 85-86-87 

S;indb:icli,    R.    W 79 

S-ni(lcr>5on    &    Wright J5 

Schmidt,  G.   &   L.    77 

Schwarz.   L.   T 71 

Sohuerkes,   Theo <1 

Shepard.  G.  R 73 

Shepherd  &  Parker  93 

Smith.  A.  &  Son    1 

Smooth  on    Mfer.     Co 10 

Southern    KujriniMT 79 

Standard  Steam  Specialty  Co., 

95.  inside  back  cover 

Star   Lubricating   Co 71 

Thompson  Co..   Richard    °9 

Troadwell   &   Co..  M.    H 91 

Tu oner  *  Co..  W.  W 69 

Unique     Ktiff.     Co -11 

Ward   &  Co 92 

Ward  &  Unright   Engineering  Co 96 

c.  F.   Wemllnnd  &  Co 18 

WifMit/..    Chas 84 

Win.     Wilson  -JJ 

Wright.   Garret   S 84 

Wright's    Sons.    William    84 

Yost.     Albert     f* 


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THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


tion  to  using  one,  unless  it  was  in  an  ex- 
tremely small  plant. 


Cooling  Ponds. 

Of  the  same  nature  and  use  as  the 
cooling  tower  is  the  cooling  pond,  which 
has  been  used  to  some  extent  in  England. 
Such  an  equivalent  for  the  cooling  tower 
is  not  practical  in  many  places.  To  be  suc- 
cessful, a  pond  area  must  be  supplied  of 
sufficient  size  to  prevent  an  undue  rise  in 
temperature  and  if  the  object  is  as  in  the 
case  of  cooling  towers  to  save  water,  an 
undue  rise  in  temperature  would  cause 
more  or  less  evaporation  from  the  pond. 
The  heat  would  be  abstracted  from  the 
water  in  the  pond  by  radiation,  by  conduc- 
tion into  the  air,  and  by  evaporation.  The 
dispersion  of  heat  in  these  ways  involves 
no  loss  of  water  except  by  the  last— evapo- 
ration. The  method  of  returning  the  hot 
condensing  water  to  the  pond  as  usually 
observed,  is  to  let  fall  from  some  distance 
on  a  wooden  or  stone  apron,  so  as  to  not 
disturb  materially  the  water  in  the  pond. 
This  also  tends  to  keep  the  hot  water  on 
the  surface,  which  promotes  cooling.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  water  for  the  engine  is 
withdrawn  from  beneath  the  surface,  where 
it  is  the  coolest.  The  supply  of  fresh  water 
is  carefully  strained  in  order  to  prevent 
the  influx  of  mud.  A  drainage  pipe  is  pro- 
vided for  carrying  off  all  the  water,  so  that 
the  pond  can  be  cleaned  at  times.  It  has 
been  found  advantageous  when  possible  to 
use  two  ponds,  alternately.  It  is  estimated 
that  on  an  average  a  pond  should  disperse 
600  heat  units  per  square  foot  of  surface, 
and  on  this  basis  the  required  area  can  be 
calculated  from  the  temperature  of  the  re- 
turn water.  The  depth  is  four  or  five  feet. 
The  cooling  effect  can  be  increased  by  car- 
rying the  water  through  shallow  open 
troughs. 


Cooling   TO\V«T    in    a    (ias    Huginc    IMant. 


The  American  Electrician  gave  an  ac- 
count some  time  ago  of  a  cooling  tower 
n-ed  in  connection  with  a  gas  engine.  It 
says  that  the  cooling  water  for  the  jackets 
is  obtained  from  a  12  ft.  cistern  located  be- 
tween the  floor  of  the  repair  shop  in  the 
front  of  the  building,  although  city  water 
may  be  used  if  desired.  The  water  is  heat- 
ed t"  about  ISO  degrees  F.  in  passing 


through  the  jackets  and  is  cooled  by  evap- 
oration in  air  currents  as  it  passes  down 
through  a  series  of  drain  tiles  placed  in  a 
cooling  tower.  There  is  a  marked  advan- 
tage in  using  the  same  water  continuous!). 
since  incrustation  in  the  jackets  and  pipes 
is  thereby  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Where 
water  is  used  containing  much  carbonate  of 
lime  in  solution,  the  temperature  of  the 
jackets  will  have  to  be  reduced  unless  the 
lime  is  precipitated  or  neutralized  with  soda 
or  other  agent ;  even  then  much  trouble 
may  be  experienced.  In  this  case,  it  says, 
only  a  small  amount  of  scale  is  formed  and 
this  is  largely  produced  by  the  use  of  city 
water,  which  is  necessary  to  supply  the  loss 
due  to  exaporation.  A  three-throw  water 
circulating  pump  is  belted  either  directly 
from  one  engine,  or  from  an  underground 
shaft  driven  from  the  other  engine.  The 
quantity  of  cooling  water  used  by  each  en- 
gine varies  from  4  to  5  gallons  per  horse- 
power hour. 


COOLING  TOWERS. 


Points    to    I5e    Considered    in    Designing 
Tower*. 

If  an  engineer  has  at  hand  an  unlimited 
supply  of  cold  water  than  can  be  had  with- 
out prohibitive  cost,  there  is  little  excuse 
for  not  running  an  engine  condensing;  but, 
in  the  face  of  this  fact,  it  is  estimated  that 
about  nine-tenths  of  the  engines  in  this 
country  are  run  non-condensing.  The  rea- 
son being  that  the  cost  of  cooling  water 
more  than  balances  the  economy  of  from 
20  to  30  per  cent,  that  would  result  from 
having  a  lower  pressure  and  temperature 
on  the  exhaust  side  of  the  steam  cylinder. 
This  is  the  field  of  the  cooling  tower — to 
effectively  cool  large  quantities  of  water  at 
a  moderate  initial  and  low  running  cost. 
The  temperature  reduction  is  accomplished 
by  radiation,  contact  of  cold  air,  and  evap- 
oration, the  latter  being  by  far  the  most 
elective  agent  in  securing  the  desired  end, 
while  with  every  pound  of  water  evap- 
orated or  converted  into  vapor,  955.7  or 
practically  1,000  b.t.u.  are  absorbed  from 
the  remaining  body  of  water.  Since  evap- 
oration takes  place  only  on  the  surface  of 
fluids,  it  is  accelerated  by  the  removal  of 
the  air  next  to  the  water  surface,  as  soon 
as  this  air  has  become  saturated  with  vapor. 

To  meet  these  conditions,  cooling  towers 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


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70 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


must  provide  a  method  of  spreading  the 
water  over  an  area  large  enough  to  expose 
it  as  long  as  necessary  for  reducing  the 
temperature,  and  must  supply  a  draft  of 
air  by  means  of  a  fan  or  otherwise,  the  fan 
when  used  being  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
the  tower.  Running  expenses  connected 
with  the  operation  of  the  tower  are  the 
power  consumed  in  raising  the  water  to 
the  top  of  tower,  and  that  for  running  the 
fan  as  well  as  the  cost  of  the  makeup  wa- 
ter required  to  supply  the  place  of  that 
evaporated.  The  cost  of  the  first  item  de- 
pends largely  upon  the  location  selected 
for  the  tower.  For  good  operation,  it  must 
be  placed  near  the  condenser,  as  otherwise 
the  temperature  of  the  water  will  rise  dur- 
ing its  passage  from  the  tower  to  the  con- 


denser. Generally  speaking,  less  than  10 
per  cent,  of  the  water  is  lost,  but  this  loss 
depends  on  the  temperature,  the  humidity 
of  the  atmosphere,  etc.  The  expense  of 
oprating  the  fan  depends  largely  on  the 
type  of  fan  selected  and  the  construction 
of  the  tower  and  the  resulting  air  resist- 
ance, the  amount  of  which  depends  upon 
the  plan  selected  for  distributing  the  water. 
Only  particular  designs  of  disk  wheels 
are  used  in  connection  with  cooling  towers, 
these  types  having  been  tested  and  found 
to  be  most  efficient.  Many  engineers  con- 
struct their  own  cooling  tower,  purchasing 
merely  the  fans  and  some  means  of  driving 
them,  either  a  small  vertical  engine  or  elec- 
tric drive  as  may  be  preferred. — From  The 
Engineer. 


Motor  Driven  Fans* 


Dia. 
_f 

Medium  Speed 

Maximum  Sp^ed 

OI 

Fan 
in 
Ins. 

Ap- 
pro x. 
Speed 

Motor  Size 
Number 

Wt. 
Not 
Pkd. 

V 

o 

£ 

Ap- 
prox. 
Speed 

Motor  Size 
Number 

Wt. 
Not 
Pkd. 

V 

O 

•c 
a, 

18 

800 

X  E.B, 

"5 

$170 

1,000 

#  E.B. 

115 

$170 

24 

600 

y4  E.B. 

'65 

180 

800 

%  E.B. 

255 

220 

30 

500 

%  E.B. 

280 

230 

675 

i  E.B. 

33° 

200 

36 

425 

i  E.B. 

380 

280 

55«> 

a  E.B. 

440 

370 

42 

350 

2  E.B. 

575 

400 

470 

3  E.B. 

760 

500 

48 

300 

3  E.B. 

825 

500 

410 

5  E.B. 

925 

000 

54 
60 

260 

235 

5  E.B. 
i-ioo  M.P.  8 

,025 
,050 

600 

725 

365 
325 

i-ioo  M.P.  8 
i-ioo  M.P.  8 

1,075 

1,000 

850 

66 

210 

i-ioo  M.P.  8 

,150 

c 

300 

ii-  TOO  M.P.  8 

'.275 

C 

72 

'95 

i-  100  M.P.  8 

»375 

o 

275 

2-100  M.P.  8 

1,750 

O 

84 

165 

ii-ioo  M.P.  8 

,675 

c  3 

235 

4-100  M.P.  8 

2,325 

«=  2 

96 

'45 

2-100  M.P.  8 

2,'75 

O-Jt 

200 

4-100  M.P.  8 

2.575 

0;= 

108 

'30 

4-100  M.P.  8 

2,9<0 

O. 

o. 

l85 

6-100  M.P.  8 

3,200 

p. 
Q» 

120 

"5 

4-100  M.P  8 

3,200 

re 

I65 

lo-roo  M.P.  8 

4.200 

re 

Belt  Driven  Fans. 


Dia.  of 
Fan 
in  ins. 

Med'm 
Speed 

Disc  Fan 

Propeller  Fan 

•Size 
Puriey 

Weight 
Not 
Packed 

Price 

Size 
Pulley 

Weight 
Not 
Packed 

Price 

18 

800 

f*    *% 

100 

$30 

4**M 

60 

$40 

24 

600 

5  x    2% 

132 

40 

5x2% 

125 

30 

500 

6  x   3% 

1  66 

5° 

6  x  y/i 

1  60 

OS 

36 

425 

7  x   4l/t 

190 

60 

7*4% 

225 

80 

42 

350 

8  x    5% 

290 

80 

8x5^ 

400 

100 

48 

300 

8x   5% 

100 

8x5H 

465. 

120 

54 

260 

9X    5% 

425 

120 

9x5^ 

600 

I5O 

60 

235 

10  X     t>% 

535 

150 

10x6^ 

575 

185 

66 

210 

10  x   6)£ 

665 

'75 

10x6^ 

720 

2  2O 

72 

'55 

I2X     7% 

875 

200 

12  X  J% 

950 

250 

78 

180 

14  x  8% 

1,000 

225 

'4X8H  ' 

1,050 

275 

84 

165 

14  x   &% 

1,025 

250 

'4x8>i 

1,125 

300 

96 

'4? 

i6x  ioj>£ 

','75 

300 

16x8^ 

1.375 

350 

102 

'30 

iSfttaM 

350 

18x8^ 

1,700 

400 

120 

"5 

20X  12% 

i!8oo 

400 

20x8^ 

2.000 

500 

THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


71 


W.  G.  HAWTHORNE, 

Engineer    and    Mason, 

Successor  to  THEO.  SCHUERKES. 

furnace  fining          Grate  Bars 
Boiler  Repairs 


Telephone  601  Broad. 

50  Broadway, 


Star  Lubricating  Co. 

HENRY  BEYER,  Prop. 

Telephone  433  M  .id. 


ENGINEERS'  SUPPLIES. 

Cylinder  and  Machinery  Oils, 

Pipe    Fittings,    Packings, 

Steam,   Electric   and 

Hotel  Supplies. 

140  West  32d  St.,  New  York 

HOYT  SHORT-LAP 
OAK-TANNED 

LEATHER  BELTING 

Special  Belts  for  every.use  made 
and  shipped  without.delaj. 

Hydraulic,  Valve  and  Pump  Leather 
ESTATE,  EDWARD  R.  LADEW 

SUCCESSOR  TO 

FAYERWEATHER  &  LADEW 
300  WILLIAM  ST.,         NEW  YORK 

Chicago    :    Boston    :     Philapelphia    :    Pittsburgh 
Newark,  N.  J.  :   Charlotte,  N.  \J.  :  Atlanta,  Ua. 

Oswald  Gueth,  M.  E. 

Consulting  Engineer. 

New  iork  Representative  of 

Kroeschell   tros    Ice   Machine   Co., 

of  Cnicago. 
Io8  Fulton  St.  NEW  YORK 


BLACK  HAWK 
SHEET  PACKING 

is  especially  adapted  for  very  high  pres- 
sure and  it  is  not  affected  by  any  degree 
of  steam  heat.  It  will  not  harden  under 
any  degree  of  heat,  nor  blow  out  under  the 
highest  pressure,  and  will  make  an  air, 
steam  or  hot  or  cold  water  joint  equally 
well.  This  packing  is  not  affected  by  am- 
monia, liquors,  steam  heat  or  alkalies  and 
conforms  to  rough  or  uneven  surfaces, 
making  a  perfectly  tight  joint  and  retains 
its  elasticity  under  all  conditions.  Joints 
can  be  made  and  broken  several  times. 
Packing  will  not  adhere  to  rough  surfaces. 


TRADE  MARK. 


Joints  in  new  plants  can  be  made  with- 
out the  use  of  steam  with  absolute  cer- 
tainty when  steam  is  applied  that  every 
joint  will  be  perfect. 

REVERE  RUBBER  CO.,  of  N.  Y. 

59  &  61  READE  ST.,  NEW  YORK 


MANUFACTURER  OF 

Engineers'  Ash  Cans 

Guaranteed  to  be  the  Strongest 
and  most  durable  Ash  Can  on  the 
market.  All  cans  to  be  kept  in  re- 
pair for  one  year  FREE  OF  CHARGE. 


No.  357  West  Broadway 

Bet.  Broome  &  Grand  Sts.,  New  York 

Telephone  No.  1429  Spring. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


TESTS  OF  COOLING  TOWER,  FEDERAL  PRISON,  ATLANTA,  GA. 


Tine 

Humid- 
ity 

Tank 
Temp. 

Pump 
Temp. 

Reduction 
Temp. 

Dif- 
ference. 

Temp  in 
Sao. 

Temp  in 
Shade. 

Weather. 

6.00 

98 

ICO 

77 

23 

4-  6 

71 

Cloudy 

6  30 

3V 

100 

77 

23 

4-  4 

73 

* 

7  oo 

98 

100 

76 

24 

+ 

76 

75 

* 

7.30 

98 

100 

77 

23 

+ 

77 

77 

1 

8.00 
8.30 

98 
98 

100 
100 

7* 
58 

22 
22 

f 

I? 

77 
77 

1 
c 

900 

90 

100 

78 

22 

— 

87 

79 

Part  cloudy 

93«> 

90 

100 

78 

22 

— 

85 

80 

4 

I  J  00 

10.30 

90 
97 

100 
101 

11 

21 
2[ 



91 
90 

So 

Si 

'• 

11  00 

95 

101 

Si 

21 

—    2 

91 

83 

* 

11.30 

97 

102 

8c 

21 

—  4 

9! 

85 

* 

12.00 

97 

102 

8( 

21 

—  7 

88 

• 

J2.30 

97 

104 

81 

23 

—  4 

•  • 

85 

Cloud) 

1.  00 

98 

104 

8t 

23 

—  3 

84 

I  30 

98 

103 

81 

22 

-  3 

.  .• 

84 

1 

2  00 

93 

103 

81 

22 

—   2 

.  . 

83 

1 

230 

98 

103 

81 

22 

0 

.  . 

81 

' 

3-00 

99 

100 

81 

19 

4-  i 

.  . 

80 

i 

3-30 

99 

100 

81 

ISL 

4-  2 

.  . 

79 

Part  tloudy. 

4.00 

99 

100 

Soft 

'9fc 

+  ifV 

79 

' 

4.30 

99 

100 

80 

20 

4-  2 

78 

1  * 

5.00 

99 

100 

80 

20 

4-  2 

t 

78 

Clearing. 

5-3<> 

99 

100 

80 

20 

4-  3 

77 

6.00 

99 

100 

80 

20 

4-  3 

77 

700 

82 

102 

79 

23 

4-  2 

82 

77 

Clear. 

7.30 

80 

102 

79 

23 

4-  i 

84 

7« 

8.00 

78 

102 

80 

22 

4-  i 

86 

79 

8.30 

68 

101 

80 

21 

0 

88 

88 

9.00- 

«5 

102 

80 

22 

—  I 

90 

81 

930 

62 

102 

80 

22 

—  3 

9T 

83 

10.00 

So 

102 

80 

22 

—  4 

92 

84 

10.30 

54 

102 

80 

22 

93 

84 

11.  OO 

11.30 

11 

102 
102 

80 
80 

22 
22 

—  4 

94 
94 

84 

85 

12  00 
1230 

57 
55 

101 
102 

80 

Ko 

21 
22 

—  5 

—  o 

94 
97 

II 

1.  00 

5o 

101 

83 

21 

—  7 

JOO 

87 

130 

52 

foi 

80 

21 

—  7 

102 

87 

2.00 

53 

lor 

8ofV 

20A 

—  7 

103 

87 

2.30 

55 

102 

80 

22 

—  7  . 

100 

87 

3-0° 

54 

I0( 

80 

21 

—  7 

98 

87 

330 

55 

100 

80 

20 

—  7 

96 

87 

1 

400 

54 

100 

80 

20 

-  6 

91 

86 

< 

4.30 

54 

101 

80 

21 

—  6 

92 

86 

" 

THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


engineers'  exchange. 

Advertisements  will  be  inserted  under  this  head  for 
engineers  and  firemen  wanting  positions,  free  of 
•charge.  Answers  may  be  sent  in  our  care.  Adver 
tisements  of  owners  of  steam  power  or  electric  plants 
wanting  help  in  every  case  will  be  charged  twenty- 
five  cents  per  line,  each  insertion .  This  department 
is  for  the  exclusive  use  of  engineers  and  firemen 
wanting  positions,  and  employers  ivishing  help. 

In  connection  with  our  engineers'  exchange  we  have 
established  a  free  Bureau  of  Information  for  the  ben- 
efit of  engineers  and  firemen  out  of  employment  and 
employers  wanting  help .  Applications  for  help  will 
have  prompt  attention,  and  those  wishing  employ- 
ment should  file  at  this  office  their  names  and  ad- 
dresses, together  with  a  record  of  experience  and 
reference. 


ENGINEERS. — Wanted  to  sell  or  furnish  in- 
formation leading  to  the  sale  of  the  improved 
Berryman  Feed  Water  Heater.  See  our  adver- 
tisement, page  73.  Write  for  particulars.  BENJ. 
F.  KELLEY  &  SON,  91  Liberty  Street,  New 
York  City. 

TWO  AMERICAN  YOUNG  MEN,  22  years  of 
age,  students  of  mechanical  and  electrical  en- 
gineering, with  knowledge  of  engines  and  elec- 
tric wiring,  desire  positions  as  assistant  engin- 
«ers  in  this  country  or  abroad.  L,.  W.  H.,  care 
ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


POSITION  WANTED  by  an  engineer  with  15 
years  experience;  has  a  second-class  license  and 
the  best  of  reference.  Understands  all  kinds  of 
engines  and  boilers.  F.  B.,  care  ENGINEERS' 
LIST. 


YOUNG  MAN,  23,  technical  school  graduate, 
three  years  experience  electrical  work  at  switch 
and  panel  board  and  switch  making;  also  ma- 
chinist work,  wishes  a  position  as  electrician's 
helper  or  to  learn  to  be  engineer.  Alfred  Viren, 
352  W.  37th  St.,  N.  Y.  City. 


POSITION  WANTED.  By  young  man  with 
nine  years'  experience  as  stationary  engineer 
and  electrician;  desires  position  as  draftsman 
or  tracer.  Will  start  low  if  position  offers 
good  opportunity.  California,  New  Mexico  or 
Mexico  preferred.  Address  care  ENGINEERS' 
LIST. 


ana  for  Sale. 


Advertisements  inserted  under  this  heading,  without 
display,  for  25  cents  per  line  each  insertion. 


FOR  SALE.— Blake  Pump,  2%x2%x4  with  re- 
ceiver and  tank.  Inquire  of  Mr.  Armstrong,  Ho- 
tel Leonore. 


FOR  SALE  CHEAP. — An  almost  new  galvan- 
ized iron  vapor  tank,  3%  feet  by  3  feet,  for  6 
in.  exhaust.  Engineer,  92  4th  Ave. 


WANTED. — Scranton  school  and  other  second 
hand  engineering  books.  State  price.  J.  C., 
care  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


FR  ED'K    PAGE 

.  .  .  MASON  .  .  . 

Furnace  Work  a«d  Boiler  Setting. 


•» 


220  West  I  Oth  Street, 
Telephone  4863  Spring 


GRAFTON  L.  McGILL 
PATENT   LAWYER 

M'GILL  BLDG.,   WASHINGTON.    D.    C. 
15  WILLIAM  ST.,  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 

Patents  Procured.  Trade  Marks  Registered. 
Advice  on  Relations  of  Employer  and  Em- 
ployee. Inventions  Relating  to  Steam  Plants 
and  Equipment  a  Specialty. 

S.  R.  Shepard  Engineering  &  Eonst.  Co. 

No.  5  Dutch  St.,  New  York. 

General  Repairs  to  Steam  and  Electric  Plants. 

Licensed    to    Manufacture    and    Install 
Bites    Inertia    Governors. 

Repairing    Engines    and    Pumps    a    Specialty. 
Valve   Re-seating   and   Piping   for  All   Purposes. 
SHOP   OPEN   DAY   AND   NIGHT. 

ELECTRIC  BELLS 

Speaking  Tube  6  Electric  Annunciators 
Electric  Light  Supplies 

W,  R.  OSTRANDER  &  CO. 

22  Dey  St.,  New  York 


Send  for 
Catalogue 


HOUGHTALING'S 
WORK  ON  THE  INDICATOR 

Is  a  reliable  and  up-to-date  book  on  an  im- 
portant subject.  Liberal  inducement  in 
connection  with  a  subscription  for  the 
Engineers'  List. 

The  Marine  Engineers'  Exchange. 

21-23  STATE  ST.,  NEW  YORK. 

COMPETENT  ENGIN- 
EERS MAY  ALWAYS 
BE  OBTAINED  FOR 
STEAMSHIPS,  TOW- 
BOATS,  YACHTS  AND 
LAUNCHES  ;  ALSO 
FOR  POWER  HOUSES, 
ELECTRIC  LIGHT 
PLANTS,  REFRIGER- 
ATING PLANTS,  AND 
FOR  ALL  KINDS  OF 
MACHINERY. 


THE  EMERGENCY  ENGINEERING  CO. 

147-140  VARICK  STREET  NEW  YORK 

Elevators,  Hydraulic  and  Electric,  Repairs  and  Cabling  a  Specialty. 
Elevators  Maintained;  Pumps,  Motors,  Dynamos  and  Ice  Machines  Repaired. 
Steam  Plants  Overhauled. 

E.  MARSHALL,  Manager  of  Elevator.  Department. 
TEL.  487  SPRING.  NIGHT  AND  SUNDAY  TEL.  1999-J  38ih  ST.  10l3=J  HARLEM 


74 


I  in-;   ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


Volume,  Density,  and  Pressure  of  Air  at  Various 
Temperatures.    (D.  K.  Clark.) 


Fahr. 

Volume  at  A  linos. 
Pressure. 

Density.  Ibs. 
per  Cubic  Foot  at 
Atmos.  Pressure. 

Pressure  at  Constant 
Volume. 

Cubic  Feet 
in  1  Ib. 

Com  para- 
tive  Vol. 

Lbs.  per 
Sq.  In. 

Compara- 
tive Pres. 

0 

11.583 

.881 

.086331 

12.96 

.881 

82 

12.387 

.943- 

.080728 

13.86 

.943 

40 

12.586 

.958 

.079439 

14.08 

.958 

60 

12.840 

.977 

.077884 

14.36 

.977 

63 

13.141 

.000 

.076097 

14.70 

1.000 

70 

13.342 

.015 

.074950 

14.92 

1.015 

80 

13.593 

.034 

.073565 

15.21 

1.034 

90 

13.845 

.054 

.072230 

15.49 

1.054 

100 

14.096 

.073 

.070942 

15.77 

.073 

110 

14.344 

.092 

.069721 

16.05 

.092 

120 

14.592 

.111 

.06*500 

16.33 

.111 

130 

14.846 

.130 

.067361 

16.61 

.130 

140 

15.100 

.149 

.068*21 

16.89 

.149 

150 

15.351 

.168 

.065155 

17.19 

.168 

160 

15.603 

.187 

.061088 

17.50 

.187 

170 

15.854 

.206 

.063089 

17.76 

.206 

180 

16.106 

.226 

.062090 

18.02 

.226 

200 

16.606 

.264 

.060210 

18.58 

.264 

210 

16.860 

1.283 

.059313 

18.86 

.283 

v  212 

16.910 

1.287 

.059135 

18.92 

.287 

Weights  of  Air.  Vapor  of  Water,  and  Saturated  Mlxtni 
of  Air  and  Vapor  at  Different  Tern perai urea,  under 
tbe  Ordinary  A  tmo»pherlc. Pressure  of  29.921 
inches  of  Mercury. 


- 

jHj 

u" 

Q 

MIXTURES  OP  AIR  SATURATED  WITH  VAPOR. 

iji 

If 

Elastic 

Weight  of  Cubic  Foot  of  the 
Mixture  of  Air  and  Vapor. 

Weight 

2" 

oj  s 

0  £ 

Force  of 

of 

_j  —  *  — 

§*gj 

the  Air  in 

Vapor 

3:8 

—    "** 

—  3 

Mixture 

m  i  Y  »  -i  1 

Tempera 
FahrenlM 

Weight  ol 
of  Dry  A  i 
Tempera 

Elastic  Fo 
Inches  ol 

of  Airand 
Vapor, 
nch^s  of 
Mercury. 

Weight 

of  the 
Air,  Ibs. 

Weight 
of  the 
Vapor, 
pounds. 

Total 
Wght  of 
Mixture, 
pounds. 

Jill  A"U 

with  1  Ib. 
of  Air, 
pounds. 

0° 

.0864 

.044 

29.877 

.0863 

.000079 

.086379 

.00092 

I  '2 

.OS42 

.074 

29  849 

.0840 

.000130 

.084130 

.00155 

22 

.0824 

.118 

29.803 

.0821 

.000202 

.082302 

.00245 

—32 

.OS07 

.181 

29.740 

.0802 

.000304 

.080504 

.00379 

42 

.0791 

.267 

29.654 

.0784 

.000440 

.078840 

.00561 

52 

.0776 

.388 

29.533 

.0766 

.000627 

.077227 

.00819 

02 

.0761 

.556 

29.365 

.0747 

.000881 

.075581 

.01179 

72 

.0747 

.785 

29.136 

.0727 

.001221 

.073921 

.01680 

82 

.0733 

1.092 

28.829 

.0706 

.001667 

.072267 

.02361 

.0720 

1.501 

28.420 

.0684 

.002250 

.070717 

.03289 

102 

.0707 

2.036 

27.885" 

.0659 

.002997 

.068897 

.04547 

112 

.0694 

2  731 

27.190 

.0631 

.003946 

.067046 

.06253 

122 

.0682 

3.621 

26.300 

.051)9 

.005142 

.065042 

.08584 

132 

.0671 

4.752 

25.169 

.0564 

.006639 

.063039 

.1177: 

142 

.0660 

6.165 

23.756 

.0524 

.008173 

.060873 

.16170 

162 

.0649 

7.930 

21.991 

.0477 

.010716 

.058416 

.22465 

162 

.0638 

10.099 

19.822 

.0423 

.013415 

.055715 

.31713 

172 

.0628 

12.758 

17.163 

.0360 

.016682 

.052682 

.46338 

182 

„  .0618 

15.960 

13.961 

.0288 

.020536 

.049336 

.7l300r 

102 

»'  ••'       '19  b-'8 

10.093 

.0205 

.025142 

.045642 

1.226431 

202 

.Otx.1 

24.450 

5.471 

.0109 

.030545 

.041445 

2.80230 

212 

.0591 

29  921 

0.000 

.0000 

.036820 

.036820 

Infinite. 

THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


SAUNDERSON  &  WRIGHT. 

M-inuf  icturers  of  the 

American  and  Nonesuch  Brands-  of  Packing,  Oils,  etc. 

Lubricating  and  Boiler  Cleaning  Compound. 

456  &  407  West  Broadway,  New  York.  SfgSS6 

Supplies  of  every  description 


'Red  Seal"  Boiler  Compound. 

"Slip-Not" 
Belt  Dressing. 

Perry's  Original  Packing. 


Combination  Packing. 

Trade  Mark 
"White  I  Live  I'll  Crow." 


for  Steam,  Water,  Gas 
and  Electrical  Engineering. 
Iron  and  Brass 

PIPE  VALVES  and  FITTINGS. 


COPPER  RUBBER  COVERED  WIRES  AND  CABLES, 

WATERPROOF  WIRES  FOR  ELECTRICAL  PURPOSES. 


hWI  R  E^P 

H  A  Z  A  R  D   M 


COPPER,  STEEL,  IRON  GALVANIZED  FOR  ELEVATORS, 

MINES,  DERRICKS,  SHIP  AND  YACHT  RIGGING. 

WORKS .  OFFICE  and  WAREHOUSE : 


WILKES-BARRE,  PA. 


50  DEY  ST..  NEW  YORK 


Graber  Indicating 
Automatic  Water  Gauge 

The  Graber  Gauge  possesses  several  valuable  features 
that  make  it  a  most  desirable  water  gauge.  In  case  a 
gauge  glass  should  break,  it  is  provided  with  an  auto- 
matic valve  which  closes  instantly,  cutting  off  the  flow 
of  steam  or  water  from  the  boiler. 

The  Graber  Gauge  is  self-cleaning,  and  as  the  auto- 
matic valve  is  fitted  with  a  Jenkins  Disc,  it  does  not 
stick  or  leak  when  closed.  It  prevents  danger  from 
scalding,  and  damage  resulting  from  leaking  water 
glasses. 

The  Graber  Gauge  is  made  in  two  patterns:  Regular 
Pattern,  for  pressures  up  to  125  pounds;  Extra  Heavy 
Pattern,  for  pressures  up  to  250  pounds. 


JENKINS  BROS. 


New  York 


Chicago 


Boston 


London 


Philadelphia 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


e 

60 

1 

C 
0 

c 

& 

bo 

3 

1906. 

Atmosphere. 

Water. 

Reduction 
as  com- 
pared with 
Atmosphere 

Date.       Time. 

€        £ 

-°               U3 

"o            >» 

ej            o 
ec            M 
&           & 

c 

6 

Lt 

B 

O. 

J 

5 

C 

i 
o 

*>  . 

ii 

C 

h 

>  Ji 

w 

0 

e 

Ii 

1    i 

0             O 

•°    s 

i   i 

WT     -3-c        «-o 

e     c 

July   16,    3  F.  M  
16,    6PM 

84         75 
79         70 
82         75 
92         72 
82         72 
94         77 
87         75 
91          75 
84         75 
73         67 
80         67 
79         67 
70         66 
80         71 
86        -7 
84         74 
84         76 
82         72 
82.4      72.4 
79         7-2 
92         78 
88        78 
89         77 
94         76 
80         74 
83         75 
84         71 
82         73 
90         78 

74        66 
85        69 
82        61 
80         74 
84         74 
85         76 
88          77 

86        77 
84         79 
74         70 
68        66 
82        78 
84.       77 
77         68 
75        69 
87        77 
82.9     73-4 
78         60 
76         67 
85         72 
73         5"8 
78         67 
82         70 
80         67 
69         55 
70'       57 
74         65 
76         70 
75         63 
78         70 
68         60 
75^8     64.3 
60         54 
70         61 
7^         62 

7:      c- 

70       .67 

i5o 
8s 
68 
34 

57 

52 
42 

60 
~o 
47 

59 
46 

II 

57 
57 
67 

52 
39 

64 

60 

53 

II 

40 
30 
71 
57 
61 
55 
61 
76 

H 

80 
76 

59 
70 

6*0.7 
35 
59 
49 
40 

53 

47 
45 

7i 
49 
63 
60 
51-7 
66 
57 
54 
"  l 
6- 
83 

88 
90 
93 
90 
90 
90 
90 
89 
84 
82 

79 
82 

83 
94 
87 
86 
86 
88 

II-3 

88 
93 
88 
88 
92 
89 
84 
86 
89 
84 
76 
85 
84 
84 
88 
89 
93 
89 
92 
82 
76 
|4 
89 
81 
83 

01 

86.4 
82 
75 
77 
69 
66 

11 

70 
73 
79 
83 

64  5 
72 
74 

8*- 

82 

11 

y, 

82 

81 
81 
7"8 
72 

74 
77 
85 
79 
78 
70 
81 
79.1 

86 
84 
82 
84 
82 
77 
80 
83 
79 

81 
81 
84 
82 
83 
74 
70 
78 
82 
73 

I6, 

79-4 
77 
69 

62 

71 

65 
71 
76 
68 

I7 

66 

67 

71 

6 
7 
9 
13 

10 

8 
6 

10 

8 
8 
6 

1 
8 

7 

L 
I 

7 

4 

8 
7 

6 
5 
4 
9 
8 
8 

i 

9 
7 

6 
6 

I 

7 

9 
6.9 

5 
6 
6 
9 
4 
6 
9 
7 
8 
8     - 

6 
8 
6 
6  7 
6 
6 
7 

TO 

8 

2           
4         — 

—              2 

15            — 
2            — 
12           

6        — 

10           —  • 

6        — 

i        — 
9        — 

—           7 

7         — 
6        — 
5        — 

4-3 

10           
2           

5        — 

12           — 
—           4 

I         — 

7         —  '• 

2           

7         — 

5         — 

2           

9        — 

6        — 

2 

3        — 

4         — 
4         — 

T            

4           — 
2            — 

4          "~~ 
I 

17,    8  A.  M.  . 

"       18,    4  P.  M....... 
"      19,  10  A.  M   . 

"       20,    4  P.  M.  .  . 

"      21,  n  A.  M  

"         22,      I   P.  M  .  . 

'      23)roA.  M  
'      24,    8  A.  M  

25      i  P  M 

26,    i  P.  M.  . 

'      27,    8  A.  M  

'      28,  ii  A.  M.  . 

'      28,    i  P.  M....... 

'      29     i  P.  M  . 

'      30,  ii  A.  M  

*      31    i  i  A  M 

Mean  results  for  month. 
AUK.    i,    7  A.  M.  . 

4,    4P.M..  

"       5,  ii  A.  M..  .'  

6   ii  A  M  . 

"       6,    2  P.  M  

"       78AM 

8,       P  M  

"       9,       P.  M  

"      10        P.  M.  . 

"     n,'       P.  M  

"     12   10  A  M             • 

"     13        P  M  

"14        P  M 

**     15'       P.  M  .  . 

"•      18          P   M 

"     io'       P  M  . 

"     to        P  M 

M       21,          P.  M     . 

"22        P  M 

"23        P  M 

"     24,    o  A  M  

"25        P  M 

"     26,       P  M  

"     27,       P.  M"  

"28        P  M 

"     29   i  i  A  M 

"     30,    2  P.  M  

5         — 

3-3     — 
I         — 
7        — 
14         — 
13         — 
6        — 
ii        — 
9         — 
6        — 
5         — 
3        — 

4         — 

2           

Mean  results  for  mom..,' 
Sept     i,    6PM   .  .    ..." 

'r      2,    i  P.  M  
3     2  P.  M    

"       42PM 

"       5      i  P   M 

"       6     i  P  M 

"     23     i  P  M     . 

"     24,    i  P.  M  

"     25     i  P  M   

"     26,    i  P.  M  
"     27,    i  P.  M  
"     28,    i  P.  M  
"     29,    i  P.  M  
"     30,    3  P.  M  
Mean  results  for  month. 
Oct      i      i  P  M 

2,       I    P.    M  

;•     3,   i  P.  M      .... 

,    i  P.  M   ".'.  .'.  '. 
6,     J  R  M  .  .  .  

William  T.  Donnelly, 
Mem.  A.  S.  M.  E. 


James  A.  Donnelly, 
Mem.  A.S.  H.&  V.  E. 


Vanderbilt  Building,        New  York,  N.  Y. 

POSITIVE  DIFFERENTIAL 
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THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


RELATIVE  HUMIDITY,  PER  GENT. 


Difference  between  the  Dry  and  Wet  Thermometers,  Deg.  F. 


V  DPI 

1 

2 

3 

4 

6|e|7 

8 

9 

io|n 

12 

13 

14J15 

10 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

26J28 

30 

bfa£ 

Relative  Humidity,  Saturation  being  100. 

32 

90*79 

69 

5950 

40 

31 

21 

12 

3 

40 

92 

84 

70 

68 

60 

53 

45 

38 

30 

22 

16 

8 

1 

50 

98 

87 

HO 

74 

67 

61 

55 

50 

44 

38 

33 

2722 

16 

11 

ft 

1 

60 

1)4 

89 

84 

78 

73 

08 

68 

58 

53 

48 

44 

39134 

30 

26 

22 

IS 

14 

10 

C 

2 

70 

98 

90 

80 

81 

77 

72 

08 

64 

00 

55 

&2 

4844 

40 

36 

33 

29 

26 

23 

1!' 

10 

13 

10 

i 

1 

80 
90 

96 
96 

92 
92 

87 

83 

85 

79 
81 

75 

78 

72 

7.-) 

08 
71 

64 

68 

01 
65 

57 
62 

5451 
5956 

47144 
5350 

41 
47 

38 
44 

35 
41 

3229 
39  36 

20 
34 

23 
32 

20 

29 

18 
20 

13 
22 

8 
17 

3 
13 

100 

97 

93  190  86 

83  80 

TT 

74 

71 

08 

05 

62|59 

57 

54 

51 

49 

47 

44 

42 

39 

37 

35 

33 

','9 

25'21 

110 

07 

949087 

8481 

78 

70 

73 

70 

07 

65 

02 

6057 

55 

53 

50 

48 

40 

44 

42 

40 

3H 

3i 

3027 

120 

97 

9491 

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85 

83 

80 

77 

75 

72 

70 

67 

o.-) 

6260 

58 

50 

54 

51 

4'.) 

47 

45 

44 

42 

3S 

3531 

140 

97 

95  1  92  89  87 

84 

8279 

77 

75 

73 

71J68 

GO  01 

02 

00 

58 

5655 

53 

51 

49 

48 

41 

41*38 

CENTRIFUGAL  FANS. 
Flow  of  Air  through  an  Orifice. 

VELOCITY,    VOLUME,    AND    HP.    REQUIRED    WHEN    AIR    UNDER  GIVEN  PRESSURE 
IN  OUNCES  PER  8Q.  IN.  IS  ALLOWED  TO  ESCAPE  INTO  THE  ATMOSPHERE. 

(B.  F.  Sturtevant  Co.) 


eloci 
min. 


1,828 
2,585 
3,165 
3.654 
4,084 
4,473 
4,830 
5,162 
5,478 
5,768 
6,048 
6,315 
6,571 
6,818 
7,P55 


4  g 


12.69 
17.95 
21.98 
25.37 
28.36 
31.06 
33.54 
35.85 
38.01 
40.06 
42.00 
43.86 
45.63 
4784 
49.00 


III. 

9-®  c.i: 

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I  i®3 

a 

.00043 
.00122 
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.00346 
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.02022 
.02260 
.02505  i 
I 


.0340 
.0680 
.1022 
.1363 
.1703 
.2044 
.2385 
.2728 
.3068 
.3410 
.3750 
.4090 
.4431 
.4772 
.5112 


it 

v  a 


7,284 
7,507 
7,722 
7,932 
8,136 
8,334 
8,528 
8,718 
8,903 
9,084 
9,262 
9,435 
9,606 
9,773 
9,938 
10.100 


s™  « 

1*1  5 

O  i—  i  °£  v- 


50.59 
52.18 
53.63 
55.08 
56.50 
57.88 
59.22 
60.54 
61.83 
63.08 
64.32 
65.52 
66.71 
67.87 
69.01 
7014 


.02759 
.03021 
.03291 
.03568 
.03852 
.04144 
.04442 
.04747 
.05058 
.05376 
.05701 
.06031 
.061168 
.06710 
.07058 
.07412 


fcg 

§8.9 
£§S 

hi 

H 

.5454 
.5795 
.6136 
.6470 
.6818 
.7160 
.'•500 
.7841 
.8180 
.8522 
.8863 
.9205 
.9546 


1.0227 
1.0567 


Amount  of  Water  for  Surface  Condenser?. 
(Pounds  of  Water  required  per  Pound  of  Steam.) 


T-t 

TKMPERATUBE  OF  A!R  PUMP  DISCHARGE.        r 

90 

95 

100 

?02 

104    I    106 

108 

110  |    112 

114 

116 

118 

120 

125 

130 

5 

2*0 

219 

218 

217.6 

217.2 

216.8 

216  4 

216 

215.6 

215  2 

214,8 

214.4 

214 

213 

212 

10 

110 

109.5 

109 

108.8 

108.6 

408  4 

108.2 

108 

107.8 

107.  G 

107  4 

107  2 

107 

106.5 

106 

16 

73.3 

73 

72.7 

72.6 

72.4 

72.3 

72.1 

72 

71.9 

71.7 

71  6 

71  6 

71.3 

71 

70.7 

20 

65 

64.7 

54.5 

54.* 

64.3 

64.2 

54.1 

64 

63.9 

63.8 

63.7 

63.6 

63.5 

63.2 

63 

26 

44 

43.8 

43.  . 

43.6 

43.4 

43.4 

43.3 

43.2 

43  1 

43 

42.9 

42.9 

42.8 

42.6 

42.4 

80 

36.7 

36.6 

36.3 

36.3 

fl6.2 

36.2 

36  1 

36 

35  9 

35.9 

36.8 

35.7 

35  7 

35  6 

36.3 

35 

31.4 

31.3 

3t.l 

31.1 

31.0 

31 

30  9 

30.8 

30  8 

30.7 

0.7 

30  6 

305     30.4 

30.3 

40 

27.6 

27.4 

27\2 

27.2 

27.1 

27.1 

U7 

27 

2«  9 

26.9 

26.8 

¥6.8 

26.7 

26.6 

26.6 

46 

24.4 

24.3 

24.2 

24.2 

24.1 

24  1 

24 

24 

23.9 

23.9 

•23.9 

23.8 

23.8 

23.7 

».* 

50 

22 

21.9 

21.8 

21.8 

21.7 

21  7 

21.6 

21.6 

21  6 

21  5 

21.6 

21.4 

21.4 

21.3 

21.2 

65 

20 

19  9 

19.8 

19.8 

19.7 

19.7 

19.7 

19.6 

19.0 

19  U 

19.5 

19.6 

194 

19.4 

19.5 

60 

18.3 

18.3 

18.2 

18.1 

18.1 

18.1 

18 

18 

18 

17.  9:     17  9 

17  9 

17.8 

17.7 

17.7 

65 

16.  y 

16.8 

16  8 

16.7 

16.7 

16.7 

16.6 

16.6 

16  6 

165 

16.5 

16  5 

16  5 

16.4 

16:3 

70 

15  7 

15.6 

15.6 

15.5 

15.5 

15.5 

15  4 

15.4 

15  4 

15  4 

15.8 

163 

15.3 

10.2 

15.1 

75 

14.7 

14.6 

14.5 

14.5 

14.5 

14  4 

14.4 

14.4 

11.4 

14  3 

14.3 

14.3|     14.3 

14.2 

14.1 

80 

13.7 

13.6 

13  6 

13.6 

13.6 

13.5 

13.5 

13.6 

136 

13  4 

13  4 

13.41     13.4 

13.3 

13.2 

85 

to.  9 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.8 

12.7 

12  7 

12.7 

12  7 

12.6 

12.6 

12.61     126 

12.5 

12.6 

90 

12  2 

i,  -: 

19..  1 

12  1 

12.1 

U 

12 

12 

12 

11  9 

11.9 

11.9>     11.9 

11.8 

11.8 

THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  71) 


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THE  ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


81 


Amount  of  Water  for  Jet  Condensers* 


*ll~ 

ENTERING  TEMPERATURE  of  IKJECTION  WATER  /. 

Hi 

33 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

60 

85 

90 

95 

100 

«M 

POUNDS  OF  CONDENSING  WATER  REQUIRED  PER  POUND  OF  STEAM.    Q  =  *190~  . 

T 

.  "~~ 

90 

200 

220 

24.4 

27.5 

31.4 

36.7 

44.0 

55.0 

73  8. 

110.0 

220.0 

92 

19.2 

21.1 

23.4 

&.1 

29.7 

84.3 

40.7 

49.9 

64.6 

91.5 

156.8 

549  0 

94 

18.6 

20.3 

24  d 

28.1 

32.2 

87.8 

45.7 

67.7 

7S  1 

121.8 

.274.0 

96 

17.9 

19.8 

21*4 

23.6 

26.7 

30.4 

35.3 

42.1 

62.1 

68.4 

99.4 

182.3 

98 

17.3 

18.& 

20.6 

22.7 

25  4 

28  7 

30.1 

39.0 

47.5 

60.7 

84.0 

136.5 

364^0 

100 

16  ft 

18.2 

19.8 

21.8 

24.2 

27.2 

31.1 

36:3 

43.6 

64  5 

72  7 

109  0 

218  0 

102 

16.2 

17.5 

19.1 

20.9 

23.1 

25  9 

29.4 

34.0 

40.3 

49.5 

64.0 

90.7 

155.4 

544.0 

104 

15.7 

17.0 

18.4 

30.T 

2J.2 

24.7 

27.8 

31.9 

37.4 

45.2 

57  2 

77.6 

120.7 

271  5 

106 

15.3 

16.4 

17.8 

19,4 

21.3 

23.6 

26.4 

30.1 

33.0 

41.7 

61.6 

67.7 

98  5 

180  7 

108- 

11.8 

15  9 

17.2 

18'.7 

204 

22.5 

25.2 

28.5 

32.8 

38.6 

47.0 

60.1 

83.2 

135!  2 

110 

14  4 

15  4 

16  6 

18  0 

19  6 

21  6 

24.0 

27.0 

30  9 

36  0 

43  2 

54  0 

72  0 

108  0 

112 

14  0 

15  0 

16.1 

17.4 

18.9 

20.7 

22.9 

25.7 

29.1 

33.6 

39  9 

49.0 

63  4 

69.8 

114 

13.6 

14.5 

15.6 

16.8 

18.2 

199 

>2.0 

24.5 

27.6 

31.6 

37.1 

44.8 

66.6 

76  9 

116 

13  3 

14.1 

15.1 

16.3 

17.6 

19.2 

21.1 

23.3 

26.2 

29.8 

34.6 

41.3 

51.1 

67  1 

118 

12.9 

13.7 

14.7 

15.8 

17.0 

18.5 

20.  2 

22.3 

24.9 

28.2 

32.6 

383 

46.6 

59.6 

120 

12.6 

13.4 

14.3 

15.3 

16.5 

17.8 

19.5 

21.4 

23.8 

26.7 

30.6 

35.7 

42.8 

53.5 

122 

12.3 

13.0 

13.9 

14.8 

15.9 

IT.  2 

18.7 

20.5 

22.7 

25.4 

28.9 

33.4 

39  6 

48.5 

124 

12.0 

12.7 

13  5 

14  4 

15.4 

16.7 

18.1 

19  7 

21.8 

24.2 

27.3 

31.4 

3G.8 

44.4 

126 

11.7 

12.4 

13.1 

14.0 

15.0 

16.1 

17.4 

19.0 

20.9 

23.1 

26  0 

29.6 

34.3 

40.9 

128 

1K4 

12.1 

12.8 

13.6 

14.5 

15.6 

169 

183 

20.0 

22.1 

24.7 

27.9 

32.2 

37.9 

130 

11.2 

11.8 

12.5 

13.2 

14.1 

15.1 

16,3 

17.7 

19.3 

21.2 

23.6 

26  5 

30.3 

35.3 

132 

10.9 

11.6 

12.2 

12.9 

13.7 

14.7 

15.7 

17.1 

18.6 

20.3 

22  5 

25.2 

28.6 

33.1 

134 

10.7 

11.2 

11.9 

12  6 

13.4 

14.3 

15.3 

16.5 

17.9 

19.6 

21.6 

24.0 

27.1 

31.0 

136 

10.4 

11.0 

11.6 

12.3 

13.0 

13.9 

14.8 

16.0 

17.3 

13.8- 

2ft.  7 

22.9 

25.7 

29.2 

138 

10.2 

10.7 

11.3 

12.0 

12.7 

13.5 

14.4 

15.5 

16.7 

18.1 

19.8 

21.9 

24.  & 

27.7 

140 

10.0 

10.5 

11.  1 

11.7 

12  4 

13.1 

14.0 

15.0 

16.2 

17.6 

19.1 

21.0 

23.3 

26.2 

Experiments   made  with   a  Blackman  IM&k  Fan,  4  ft. 

diam  ,  by  Geo.  A.  Suter,  to  determine  the  voiun.es  of  air  delivered  under 
various  conditions,  and  the  power  required;  with  calculations  of  efficiency 
and  ratio  of  increase  of  power  to  increase  of  velocity,  by  G.  H.  Babcock. 
(Trans.  A.  S.  M.  E.,  vii.  54?) : 


c 

8 

I 

1 

&  . 

°.  £5U 

*r§si 

3-0  P. 

h 

1  . 

*i-sr 

SA* 
M 

M 

& 

IP 

Ratio  of  In- 
crease of 
Delivery. 

Ratio  of  In- 
•  crease  of 
Power. 

Exponent  or, 
HPaF*. 

Exponent  y, 
hocVV. 

Efficiency 
of  Fan. 

350 

25  797 

0  65 

1  632 

440 

32.575 

2.29 

1.257 

1.262 

3.523 

5.4 

.9553 

534 

41,929 

4  42 

1.186 

1.287 

1  843 

2  4 

3.062 

612 

47,756 

7  41 

1  146 

1.139 

1.677 

3  97 

.9358 

For 

series 

1.749 

1.851 

11.140 

4. 

340 

20,372 

0.76 

.7110 

453 

26  660 

1  99 

.332 

1.308 

2  618 

3  55 

6068 

536 

31  .649 

3  86 

.183 

1.187 

1  940 

3  86 

5205 

627 

36,543 

6.47 

.167 

1.155 

1  676 

8  59 

.4802 

For 

series 

761 

1.794 

8  513 

3  63 

340 

,  9  983 

1.12 

0.28 

.3989 

430 
534 
570 

13,017 
17,018 
18,649 
For 

3.17 
6.07 
8.46 
series 

0.47 
0.75 

0.87 

.265 
.242 
.068 
.676 

1.804 
1.307 
1.096 
1.704 

2.837 
1.915 
1.394 
7.554 

3  93 
2.25 
3.63 
3  24 

1.95 
1.74 
1.60 
I  81 

.3046 
.331S 
JBK87 

330 

8,399 

1  31 

0  26 

28§t 

437 
516 

10,071 
11,157 
For 

3  27 
6.00 

series 

0.45 
0.75 

1.324 

1.181 
1.563 

1.199 

1.108 
1.3-J9 

8.142 
1  457 
4  580 

6.31 
3  66 
5.35 

3.0f> 
4.96 
3.72 

.«!« 

.«a& 

There  Is 
Only  One 


Lubricates  Everything. 


It  is  the 
Only  Safe  and  Uniform  Lubricant 

for  Machinery  of  All  Kinds. 
ADOPTED  BY  THE  U.  S.  GOVERNMENT 

IN  ALL  ITS  DEPARTMENTS 

jjs^We  Solicit  Your  Inquiries. 

WRITE    FOR   OUR   FREE   SAMPLE 

ORDER 

Look  for  Yellow  Label 


MADE    ONLY    BY 


ADAM  COOK'S  SONS, 


313  WEST  STREET, 
NEW  YORK. 


COOL,  CLEAN,  LIGHT-RUNNING  MACHINERY 

That  is  what  dots  the  work  of  the  world,  and  it  does  it  hest  where  the  Kest  Lubricant  is  used. 
American  intusiry  is  f«st  oveitaMng  the  trade  of  the  globe  and  likewise 

THE  PULVER  LUBRICATING  COMPOUND 

is  finding  its  way  into  every  engine  room  and  machine  shop  from  Portland  to  Portland. 
Easy  to  guess  why     They  must  have  it.    IT 

IB  Uniform  in  Quality  Effects  a  Great  Saving  in  Cost 

Insures  Freedom  From  Grit  Cannot  Be  Successfully  Imitated 


214  FRANKLIN  ST.,  N.Y. 

c 


J^nufacturers      REJER      PULVER     &    SONS 


214  Franklin  Street 
NEW  YORK 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


83 


PARIS  M.  FLETCHER 

President 


ARTHUR  F.  STANLEY 

Treasurer 


"HELLO"  SIX-0-TWO-O-JOHN 


Attractive  Prices 


A  Square  Deal 


fromptDeliveries 


P.  M.  Fletcher  Co. 

ELECTRICAL  SUPPLIES  and  SPECIALTIES 


32  and  34  Frankfort  Street 


Cable  Address 


"PARISELEC. 


NEW  YORK 


General  Electric  Ompany 

JL  ^/ 


TTHE  largest  electrical  mannfacturer  in  the  world  of  corn, 
plete  power  and  railway  equipments  and  of  illuminating 
and  miscellaneous  electrical  and  wiring  supplies. 


840 


ew  York  Office 
44  Broad  St. 


PRINCIPAL  OFFICE 
Schenectady,  N.  Y. 


Sales  offices  in 
all  large  cities 


KIELEY  COMBINED  MUFFLER  AND  GREASE  EXTRACTOR  TANK, 
RcCElVfR,  PUMP  GOVERNOR,  POMP  AND  FEED  WATER  HEATER 

Guaranteed  to  Extract  99  per  cent,  of  the  Oil. 

Alan uf uet urers  of 


Reducing;     Valves, 
Dumper    ReKulatora, 
Relief    VulteM, 
AVater    A  robed, 


Baek    Pressure    Valve*,  Steam  Trnpn, 

«it«-am     ;MI. I     Oil     Separator**,  I'limp    <.«»»  oriiora, 

Tn  iik     \uUfM,  Temperature    font  roller*, 

\\UMie    Heat    Utilizer*,  \\aier    Feeders,    J£tc. 


ELEY  &  MUELLER 


34  WEST  13th  ST, 

WRITE   FOR  LATEST  CATALOGUE 


NEW  YORK  CITY 


84 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


GARRET  S.  WRIGHT  MASON 

BOILER  SETTING,FURNACE  REPAIRS       an(*  BUILDER 

ENGINE  FOUNDATIONS  AND  CHIMNEY  BUILDING  A  SPECIALTY 

All  Kinds  of  Mason  Work  and  Repairs  Attended  To  At  Short  Notice 

BETWEEN  9th  and  H)th  AVENUES,  NEW  YORK  CITY 
Office:   421  West  24th  St.  Residence:   41 2  West  24th  St 


Tel.  11 30  Chelsea 


Tel.  2775  J-Chelsea 


CHARLES   DINQER  &  SON 


Mason, 


Boiler  Setting  and 
Engine  Foundations 
a  Specialty. 

Office:  51  John  Street, 

NEIW  _ 

([^'Estimates  Furnished  and  Work  Done  in  all  Parts  of  the  Country. 


Also  Smelting  Furnaces 

and  Chimneys. 
Telephone  Call  2609  John 

Residence:  126  E.  87th  Street, 


Stephen  C.  Wright. 


A  Specialty  Made  of  Boiler  Setting,  Furnace  Building  and  Engine  Foundations. 
All  kinds  of  Mason  Work  for  Steam  Plants. 
Fully  equipped  for  repairs  of  every  description. 

TELEPHONE  1491  CHELSEA. 

Office  and  Residence:  352  West  16th  St.,  New  York. 


G  R  AT  E     BARS 


JAMES  MONTGOM  EH V,    P««IO.I  F°u"dr»™M"oulder  by  Trade 

DUMPING.  SHAKING  AND  STATIONARY  BARS.  FURNACES  LINED. 

Tel.  8093  Cortlandt.  i  36  LIBERTY  ST.,  NEW  YORK 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


85 


The  Salamander  Cradle 
Dumping  Grate 

("WEEK'S   PATENT) 


FOR  BURNING 
CHEAP    FUEL 

Has 
No 
Equal 

Fire  can  be 
cleaned  in  three 
Minutes.  Most 
substant  i  a  I 
Dumping  Grates 
made.  Reduces 
the  fireman's 
labor  to  a  min- 
imum. 


This  is  the  perfection  of  Dumping  Grates,  and  its  distinguishing 
feature  is  the  cradle  supporting  the  front  end  of  the  bars.  Each  bar 
has  three  supports,  hence  the  front  end  cannot  drop  below  the  re- 
quired level,  causing  the  back  end  to  raise  in  the  fire  and  burn  off. 
Frees  itself  from  clinkers  and  refuse  more  readily  than  any  other 
style  of  grate. 

Made  for  any  size  coal,  but  particularly  adapted  to  burning  the 
smaller  sizes  of  cheap  coal  and  waste  fuel . 

Our  Special  Grate  Bar  Iron  Mixture  is  used  in  the  castings. 


Salamander  Grate  Bar  Co. 

126  Liberty  Street,  New  York 

Telephone  4136  Cortlandt 


86 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


Salamander  Grate  Bar  Co. 


Established  in  1853. 


Incorporated  in  1855. 


GRATE  BARS  EXCLUSIVELY 


of    Inferior    Imitations. 


SOME  OF  OUR  SPECIALTIES: 

Salamander  Interlocking  Grate  Bars. 


3s 


Q>  8 

X  <x 


THE  ORIGINAL  AETNA, 


y 


WITH   PATENTED 
IMPROVEMENT. 


Gives  more  than 
60  per  cent,  air 
space.  f 

We  can  increase 
the  capacity  of 
your  boilers  and 
make  a  large 
saving  in  fuel. 

Lower  priced 
than  any  other 
Shaking  Grate. 

Refer  to  steam 
plants  using  the 
same  Grates,  10 
years  or  more, 
with  no  expense 
for  repairs. 


Setletm.etn.cier 

126  Liberty  Street,  New  York. 

Telephone  Call  4136  Cortlandi. 


THE   ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


87 


Salamander  Grate  Bar  Co. 

The  Salamander  Dumping  Grate 

With  Solid  Iron  Frame,  With  Extension  Legs  Resting  on  Ashpit  Floor. 


For  burning  cheap 
fuel. 

Best  Dumping 
Grate  made,  wth 
the  exception  of  our 
Patent  Cradle 
Dumping  Grate,  as 
shown  on  page  85. 


Rogers'  Sectional  Grate. 


TOP  AND  SIDE  V.'EW. 


END  VIEW. 


Made  for  Both  Square  and  Round  Furnaces. 

All  of  our  Grates  are  sold  on  their  merits,  and  satisfaction  is  guaranteed 

in  every  case. 

We  are  headquarters  for  Grate  Bars,  and  can  furnish  you  with  any  kind 
you  desire,  made  from  a  superior  mixture  of  iron. 

We  make  any  air  space  desired  for  any  kind  of  fuel. 
Perfect  Combustion — Long  Life — Low  Prices — What  more  can  you  ask? 


126  Liberty  Street,  New  York 

Telephone  Call  4136  Cortland  . 


88 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


C 


oe  s 


Com- 
bustion 


S 


ystem 


A  Scientific  Manner  of  Burning  All  the  Gases  of  Coal  Successfully. 
COE  DUMPING  GRATE   BARS.        COE  SHAKING  AND 
CUT-OFF    GRATES.       COE     IMPROVED     STATIONARY 
GRATES.  SEND  FOR  CIRCULAR. 

NEW  YORK  GRATE  BAR  CO. 

123  LIBERTY  ST.,  NEW  YORK.  TEL.  5254  CORTLANDT 

JOSEPH  MILLER 
Plumbing  and  Gas  Fitting 

|       Consulting    Engineer   for 
Sanitary  and  Hydraulic  Work 

Personal  Attention   Given  to  Repair 
:    :     and  Reconstruction  Work 


473  FOURTH  AVE.     TEL.  Zos  Madison 


NEW  YORK 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


89 


THOMPSON'S  STEAM  SPECIALTIES 

The  Thompson 
20th  Century  Indicator 


WITH 

ID'Al  RFDUCING  WHEEL 

ATTACHED. 

A   COMPLETE    and   RELIABLE    IN- 
DICATING OUTFIT. 

Send   for  Booklet. 


Telephone  2361  Cortlandt. 


The  Thompson  Damper 
and  Pressure  Regulator 

With  LATEST  IMPROVEMENTS,  will 
WORK  on  the  SLIGHTEST  VARIATION 
of  PRESSURE. 

Installed  Subject  to  Approval. 

Price  Upon  Application. 


Dumping  Grate 

This  is  a  Self-Contained, 
Practical,  Dumping  Gate,  made 
to  operate  in  two,  four  or  six 
sections. 

For  Burning  Cheap  Fuel  IT 
HAS  NO  EQUAL. 

A  fire  can  be  cleaned  in  from 
three  to  five  minutes. 

Satisfaction  Guaranteed. 


An  Up-to-date  Shaking 
and  Dumping  Grate 


Substantial,  Practical  and 
Durable. 

There  are  places  where  a 
Shaking  Gratfe  is  desirable. 

We  put  them  in  on  their  Mer- 
its and  Guarantee  Results. 


RICHARD  THOMPSON  &  CO. 

126  LIBERTY  ST.,  NEW  YORK 


Tin:   ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


.TRADE  MARK 


DIRECTURN 


IST 


(Direct-Return)  Qf 


REGISTERED 


Horizontal  Return-Tubular  Steam  Boiler. 


Fitted  with  McClave's  Patent  Improved  Grates  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

BEC3-OS    &c 

1O9  Liberty  Street,  New  York. 
Boilers,  Engines,  Machinery  and  Supplies. 

McClave's   Patent  Improved   Shaking,  Dumping:    and    Cut    Off   Grates,   and 

Argand  Steam  Blowers.  • 

-SEND  FOR  CATALOGUES. 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


M.  H.  Treadwell  &  Co.,  Inc. 


95  Liberty  St.,  New  York. 

Telephone  59i2  Cortlandt. 

Used  by  Those  who  Know  jfc,,  Machined 

"Tread-Kill" 
Dumping  Grate 


Strong-Easy  to  Operate 


Absolutely  level  in  the  furnace 


From  Manufacturer  to  Consumer. 


WE  MAKE 

Dumping  Bars, 
Shaking         " 
Stationary    " 
Circular         " 
Circular  Grates, 
Dead  Plates, 
Arch  Plates  and 
all  kinds  of  Boiler 
Castings. 

Any  kind  of  spe- 
cial bar  or  grate 
r  ade  from  draw- 
ing. 


We  have  been 
making  bars  Forty 
years  and  know 
something  about 
this  line.  Our  pri- 
ces are  cheap  when 
quality  and  work- 
manship are  com- 
pared. 

Prices  quoted  on 
application.  Mail 
orders  promptly 
attended  to  and 
satisfaction  guar- 
anteed. 


ANY  AIR  SPACE  DESIRED. 


Phenix  Grate  Bar  Co. 

54O-55O    WEST    55th    STREET,    NEW    YORK 
Office,  548  West  55th  Street. 


92  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


GEO.  H.  WARD  &  CO. 


Consulting  and  Constructing 
Engineers  and  Machinists 


IT  is  a  well  established  fact,  that  but  few  employees  take  the 
same  interest  in  a  business  as  the  employer. 

We  want  all  steam  users  tc  know  that  the  members  of 
this    firm   give    their   personal  attention  to    all    work   en- 
trusted to  them. 

That  we  are  diligent  in  our  business  and  study  the  interest  of  our 
customers,  is  evident  from  the  constant  steady  increase  in  the  volume 
of  business  coming  to  us. 

This  we  appreciate,  "but  there  is  a' reason."  We  know  that  the 
best  mechanics  obtainable  are  the  only  ones  we  employ,  and  the  highest 
grade  of  materials  is  none  too  good  to  use.  Therefore,  it  is  to  the  in- 
terest of  the  Power  Plant  Owners  and  Engineers  to  remember  that  we 
are  Consulting,  Constructing  and  Contracting  Engineers,  for  Steam, 
Hydraulic,  Electrical  and  Refrigerating  plants. 

Cylinder  and  valve  chamber  reboring  in  place;  Engine,  Elevator, 
Machinery  and  Pump  repairs  are  our  specialty. 

We  also  manufacture  Ward's  Improved  Patent  Eeed  Water  Filter, 
and  Ward's  Grate  Bars,  both  dumping  and  stationary. 


OFFICE  and  WORKS : 

78  DELEVAN  STREET    :    :     BROOKLYN,  N.  Y.  $ 

Telephone  49  Hamilton 

$ 


THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST.  .93 


W.  (SL  G.  W.  LOVE 

Engineers     and     Machinists 

173  (Si  175  GRAND  ST.      Telephone  I934  Spring     NEW  YORK 
REPAIRING  OF  STEAM  ENGINES,  PUMPS  AND  ELEVATORS  A  SPECIALTY. 


Makers  of  J.  J.  Love's  Patent  Spring  Piston  Packing  for  Steam,  Air,  Ice  Ma- 
chines, Ammonia  or  Water  Cylinders  (High  or  Low  Pressure,  Stationary  or  Marine), 
Less  Friction,  Less  Oil,  Less  Coal,  Self  Adjusting,  Steam  Tight.  Minimum  of  Friction, 
especially  adapted  to  the  Compressor  or  Ammonia  Cylinders  of  Ice  Machines.  We  also 
make  this  Packing  with  our  Improved  Centre  or  Bull  Ring,  to  be  applied  to  the  ordi- 
nary Spider  Piston. 


All  Sizes  of  Steam  Engine,  Blowing,  Pumps,  Compressor  and  Ice  Machine  Cylinders, 
Corliss  Valves,  Cranks,  etc.,  rebored  without  being  removed  from  their  pres- 
ent position.     Have  your  cylinder  rebored  and  save  from  15  to  25 
per  cent,   of  coal  now   used.      Ordinary  sized   Cylinders 
bored  out  in  one  day  with  our  patented 
Boring  Machines. 

BORNE,  SCRYHSER  &  CO. 

135  Front  Street,  New  York 

36  Central  Wharf,  Boston 

216  North  Front  Street,  Philadelphia 
160  Third  Street,  Fall  River 


Manufacturers  of 


HIGH  GRADE 

MINERAL 

LUBRICATING 

OILS 

AND  GREASES 


Refinery:  Claremont,  Jersey  City,  New  Jersey 

SEND  FOR  TRIAL  SAMPLES 
Please  mention  this  advertisement 


Secured  promptly  and  with 
special  regard  to  the  legal  pro- 
tection of  the  invention.  :  :  : 

Hand  Book  for  Inventors  and  Manufacturers  Sent  Free  Upon  Request. 

Consultation  Free.  No  charge  for  opinion  as  to  the  patentability  and  Commercial 
"Value  of  Inventors'  Ideas. 

HIGHEST    REFERENCES    FROM    PROMINENT    MANUFACTURERS. 

C.  L.  PARKER,   Patent  Lawyer 

Patents,  Caveats,  Trade  Marks,  Copyrights,  Reports  as  to  Patentability, 

Validity   and   Infringement.       Patent   Suits 

Conducted  in  all  States. 

REFERENCES:  Globe  Machine  and  Stamping  Co.,  Murray  Engineering  Co.,  Mor- 
gan Machine  and  Engineering  Co.,  Berkshire  Specialty  Co.,  Stewart  Window  Shade 
Co.,  Macon  Shear  Co.,  Acme  Canopy  Co.,  Lippencott  Pencil  Co.,  Salisbury  Tire  Asso- 
ciation of  America,  Oakes  Manufacturing  Co.,  By-Products  Co.,  Alabama  Brewing 
Co.,  National  Offset  Co.,  Antiseptic  Supply  Co.,  Richmond  Electric  Co.,  Railway  Sur- 
face Contact  Supplies  Co.,  National  Electric  Works. 


Mr.  Parker  on  November  1st,  1903,  after  having 'been  a  member  of  the  Exam- 
ining Corps  of  the  U.  S.  Patent  Office  for  over  five  years,  resigned  his  position  as  Ex- 
aminer to  take  up  the  practice  of  patent  law. 

Address  524  DIETZ  BUILDING        :         :         :         :   WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


94 


THE   ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


Climax  Steam  Joint  Clamp 


TO  REPAIR  LEAKS  AT  PIPE  JOINTS. 

All  Sizes  from  3-4  in.  to  20  in. 


THESE  CLAMPS  ARE  MADE  IN  HALVES  HELD  TOGETHER  BY  CAP  SCREWS, 
AND  CAN  BE  EASILY  ATTACHED  TO  PIPE,  MAKING  THE 

Most  Economical  and  Efficient  Way  to  Repair  a  Leak 

OUR  CLAIMS  ARE  AS   FOLLOWS: 
1st.     It  permanently  stops  the  leak. 

2d.     It  can  be  attached  in  a  few  minutes  while  steam  is  on  the  pipe. 
3d.     It  takes  up  only  2l/2  inches  space  on  the  pipe. 
4th.     The  pipe  covering  can  be  replaced  over  the  clamp. 
5th.     The  cost  will  be  repaid  in  a  short  time  by  the  saving  of  steam  alone. 

We  guarantee  these  clamps  to  fulfill  all  our  claims.      IN  ORDERING,  state  size  of 
pipe  and  for  what  it  is  used:  viz.,  steam,  water,  air,  gas  or  ammonia. 


GEO.  I. 


& 


471-473  Fourth  Avenue        :        :        : 

Telephones  306,  307,  308  Madison  Square. 


.,  Inc. 

New  York 


ENGINEERS'   LIST. 


'UTILITY" STEAM  SEPARATOR 
PATENTED 


of  the  chain  baffle 
plate  principle  which 
has  proven  so  suc- 
cessful in  the  oil 
eliminator  may  be 
found  in  our 

Steam  Separator 

and  the  efficiency  of 
it  is  very  high.  Ab- 
solutely dry  steam, 
absolutely  no  back 
pressure. 

What  more  could 
you  ask? 


'UTILITY"    EXHAUST    HEAD. 
Patented. 


Another    Water    Saver 

is  our 
New  Exhaust  Head. 

Notice  the  great  radiating  surface 
that  is  given  by  the  Circulating  Air 
Tubes.  These  act  as  condensers  and 
they  lessen  instead  of  causing  Kick 
pressure.  Do  you  realize  that  a 
thousand  gallons  of  water  are  wasted 
per  day  in  a  moderate  sized  plant 
which  lacks  an  efficient  exhaust  head? 
It's  so. 


"Utility"  Vertical  Steam  Receiver  and  Separator 

gives  a  large  storage  for  steam,  delivers  dry  steam  to  engine  and  ••UTII  ITY"  VERTICAL 

has   only  two   joints   exposed    to   steam    pressure.     No   loss   of  STEAM  RECEIVER 

pressure.     No  water  to  engine.  AND  SEPARATOR. 


gtaiidard    gteam    Specialty    Co. 

§42=544  WEST  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK  CITY 
Telephone  4902  Spring-. 


96  THE  ENGINEERS'  LIST. 


"Send  That  Next  Repair  Job  This  Way! 


IIIIIIIB  iii 


No  matter  what  kind  of  steam  engines 
need  repairing,  THE  WARD  &  UPRIGHT 
ENGINEERING  CO.,  expert  engine  doctors 
can  do  the  work.  Why  not  call  us  up 
when  you  are  in  trouble. 


SET*  Kinghorn  Multiplex  Disc  Valve" 
Complete  Line  of  Engine  Room  Supplies, 


/! 

THE  WARD  &  UPRIGHT 
ENGINEERING  COMPANY 

41-43  York  Street  BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 

TELEPHONE  CALL  205  J  MAIN       - 

lWCDr,,, 


Exhaust  Muffler,  Oil  Separator, 
Return  Tank,  Pump  Governor 
and  Feed  Water  Heater. 

HERE'S  THE  WAY  WE  PROVE  OUR  CLAIM! 

SEE  THOSE 

TWO 

CONDENSERS? 

We  condense  the 
i  before  and  af- 
ter it-  passes  through 
the  separator  of  our 
"UTILITY"  COMBI- 
NATION and  submit 
the  samples  for  an- 
alysis just  as  they 
are  drawn. 

There  isn't  anoth- 
er separator  manu- 
facturer  in  the 
world  that  would 
dare  do  that  with  a 
separator  that  has 
been  in  use  any 
length  of  time,  but 
we  leave  the  con- 
densers on  perma- 
nently if  desired 
and  after  years  of 
use  the  elimination 
of  oil  is  as  complete 
as  in  a  new  appara- 
tus. 

THE  "UTILITY" 
COMBINATION 

Serves  as  exhaust, 
muffler,  oil  separat- 
or, return  tank, 
pump  governor,  and 
feed  water  heatei-. 
It '  costs  only  about 
as  much  as  a  feed 
water  heater,  and 
heats  the  feed  water 
to  about  the  same 
temperature  as  the 
exhaust  steam. 


\VE  MENTION  A  FEW  OF  THE  LATE  AND  UP-TO-DATE  PLANTS 
THAT  HAVE  ADOPTED  THE  "UTILITY"  COMBINATION: 


R.  H.  Macy  &  Co.,  -      -      - 

Metropolitan  Life  Ins.  Co., 

tt  tt       tt        it 

Prudential  Life  Ins.  Co., 
Mutual  Life  Ins.  Co.,     - 


3,000   H.P. 
1,900 

700 
2,500 
1,000 

700 

400 
2,OOO 
1,800 
1,000 
1,000 

850 


Wall    Street    Exchange,  - 

Whitehall  Building,        -  - 
Hotel    Imperial,         - 

Martinique  Apartments,  - 

Bloomingdale   Bros.,      -  - 

Perry    Payne    Co.,    -      -  - 
Trinity   Corp.    W.   Building, 

Washburn    Wire    Co.,    -  - 

Merchant's    Refrig.    Co.,  - 


1,200  HP. 

1,000 

1,000 

1,OOO 

1,000 

1,000 

1,000 

1,OOO 

800 

500 

35O 
1,OOO 


Hotel   Belmont,    - 
Museum  of  Nat.  Hi»       y, 
Manhattan  Life  Ins.   Jo., 
^let.   Museum  of  Art,   - 

"      "        -  850      *  Central    Brewing'  Co.,    - 

Why  was  the  "Utility"  selected  for  these  and  many  other  steam  .plants? 

Because  we  have  proven,  by  chemical  tests,  that  our  system  according  to  horse 
power  saves  thousands  of  dollars  per  year  in  running  expenses.  We  can  do  the  same 
for  you. 

THE  STANDARD  STEAM  SPECIALTY  CO. 

542-544       " 
W.  Broadway  :.: 


Utility"  Steam  Specialties  M  «t> '  of 

rrzrrrzrrrrrrr:rr-rrrrr::r:rzrrr:m_r::rrrrmrrrrrrrrrr.      Ml    C   \V      T     O    • 


Jenkins  '96  Packing. 

Kngineers  who  have  given    it  a   thorough  trial   rind    it  to  be  all  that  is 
claimed  for  it. 

IN'one  but   the  best  ingredients   are  used  in   the   compound.     No  substi- 
tutes for  rubber  are  ever  employed. 

Known    to    give    perfect    satisfaction    under    any   condition  that  sheet 
packing  can  be  used. 

Instantaneous  in  application.      Makes  perfect  joint  immediately  without 
having  to  be  followed  up. 

JNot  loaded  to  increase  weight.     Comparison  of   weights  will   show  that 
Jenkins  '96  is  the  cheapest. 

Satisfaction  guaranteed  or  money  refunded    is  the  motto  that  we  always 
endeavor  to  live  up  to. 

't)G  is  always  stamped  with  Trade  Mark  as  shown  in  the  cut.       Beware 
of  imitations. 

Write  for  a  copy  of  our  1907  catalogue. 
It  will  be  mailed  on  application. 

JENKINS  BROS., 

NEW  YORK,   BOSTON,     PHILADELPHIA,        CHICAGO,          LONDON. 

71  JOHN  ST.          35  HIGH  ST.          133-137  NORTH  7th  ST.          31-33  NORTH  CANAL  ST.          96  QUEEN  VICTORIA  ST. 


I  82 


